Lecture 8 cross culture Flashcards
Why has there been a rise in cross cultural psychology?
People are migrating and therefore changing dynamics
Underdeveloped areas are receiving more funding
Rise of concerns that majority of studies were completed in the WEIRD population (western, educated, industrial, rich, developed)
Differences in cognitive styles (Chiu 1972)
Chinese vs american kids
Shown a cow, chicken and grass and asked which two match together
Chinese: cow and grass because that’s what they eat (relationships)
US: cow and chicken because they are both animals (groups/ rules)
Differences in apology (Maddux et al 2011)
Japanese are less likely to see an individual are responsible for an incident, rather groups/ organisations. (Menon et al 1999)
US (ind) viewed apology as an attempt to restore personal credibility and clear name
Japan (col) expression of regret
Differences in courage (cheng and huang 2017)
West: personal trait when faced with adversity
China: responsibility and standing up for what is noble and moral
Etic vs Emic
Etic: outsider, examining cross cultural differences.
Looking at how concepts are perceived in different cultures.
May test concepts found in emic research to see if it is applicable in other cultures.
Emic: Insider studying their culture
Examination of behaviour and understanding a culture in details
Individualism vs Collectivism
Individualism: values standing out and being unique and making personal choices and with focus on personal goals
Collectivism: Values conformity and being guided by social expectations. Focus on group goals.
Passion and achievement Li et al 2021
IND: passion predictor of achievement
COL: parental support greater predictor than passion
Help seeking behaviour Mojaverian et al 2013
Japan VS USA
attitudes towards seeking help from mental health services
‘ Disclosing one’s problems to professionals could be interpreted as misfunction of one’s in gorup’
Prosocial behaviour and caregiving Shadiqi et al 2022
IND higher association with prosocial behaviour
Covid 19 prevention Maaravi et al 2021
IND: less likely to adhere to prevention measures
Chen et al 2021: those less abiding had higher individualistic traits
Albarracin et al 2018
Horizontal individualism: seeking individuality over distinctivness and not to compare with others
Vertical individualism: Improving self and standing out from others and being unique
Vertical collectivism: submit to groups norms. But everyone has a duty.
Horizontal collectivism: Merge with group and prioritise others well being. All equal.
Hofstedes cultural dimensions theory:
Power distance index
Uncertainty avoidance:
high: lots of structure and rules and protective parents
low: freedom and open to political activism. Adapting and accepting challenges
Masculinity and femininity:
Fem: cooperative and nurturing
Masc: competitive and achievement
Perception of time:
Long time orientation: focus on future, perseverance and saving
Short term: near future and present, value past and tradition
Indulgence and restraint:
Indulgence: value satisfaction of needs and expression. Children have less restraint
Restraint: suppress desires to fit in with norms
Hofstede criticisms
Derived from white collar employees
No consideration of globalisation
Individuals made to represent whole cultures
Independent vs interdependent self
Independent: Social relations based off interests and goals. Focus on being unique and own goals. Competitive
Interdependent: Value of relationships. Conformity and meeting group goals. Relying on others and society.
Modernisation theory
Become more individualistic as we modernise
But Hamamura et al 2011 said some societies preserve collectivist values (cultural values persist)
