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Natural Disasters Earth Sc 2GG3 > Lecture 8: Coastal Hazards > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Coastal Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

Passive Margins

A

Coastline is distant from plate boundary

  • wide continental shelves, sandy beaches
  • barrier islands ie: East coast of North America, Arctic
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2
Q

Active Margins

A

Coastline is relatively close to plate boundary

-rocky shoreline and sea cliffs ie: BC

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3
Q

Waves

A
  • made by wind blowing over water

- size depends on !) velocity of wind 2) duration of wind, 3)fetch, which is the distance wind blows over water

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4
Q

Wave height

A

-trough to crest distance

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5
Q

Wave Length

A

Distance between successive crests

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6
Q

Wave Period

A

Time that successive crests pass reference point

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7
Q

Wave Motion

A

Circular motion that moves downward from surface, diameter decreasing with distance as energy is decreasing
-shallow water becomes more eliiptical as it feels the bottom

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8
Q

Swells

A
  • Waves generated by storms far out to sea
  • can be predicted based on velocity, fetch, distance of waves
  • approaching land, waves decrease in speed and wave length, and increase in height
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9
Q

Plunging Breakers

A

form on steep beaches; very erosive

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10
Q

Spilling Breakers

A

develop on wide, gentle beaches, less erosive

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11
Q

Tidal Bores

A

Waves that form when in flowing todal water is slowed by outflowing river water

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12
Q

Sea CLiff/ Sea Bluff

A

Erosional landform that marks landward boundary of beach

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13
Q

Berm

A

Onshore portion of beach that is flat, formed by sediment deposition

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14
Q

Beach Face

A

Onshore portion of beach that slopes seaward, lies within swash zone

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15
Q

Swash Zone

A

Where waves repeatedly rush up and back

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16
Q

Surf Zone

A

Area where waves move towards shore once they break

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17
Q

Breaker Zone

A

area where incoming waves peak and break

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18
Q

Longshore Bar

A

Ridge on seafloor in breaker zone

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19
Q

Longshore Trough

A

Depression on seafloor by wave action, landward of longshore bar

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20
Q

Beach Drift

A

sand moves in zig zag pattern in swash zone

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21
Q

Longshore drift

A

transport sediment by currents that flow parallel to shoreline

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22
Q

Spits

A

ridges that extend parallel to shore from point on land on a coast

23
Q

Barrier Islands

A

Long narrow islands separated from mainland by bay/lagoon

24
Q

Eustasy

A

global sea level fluctuations due to melting ice sheets

25
Q

Isostasy

A

Forces that raise or lower the Earth’s Crust that change sea levels

26
Q

Rip Current

A

Horizontal Current that flow away from shore

-occurs when water piles up between swash zone and longshore bar; breakage in longshore bar caused water to rush out

27
Q

ERosion

A

Sea Cliffs and bluffs erode with waves, water, landslides

-most intense with high winds/water levels

28
Q

Linkages of Coastal Hazards to Other Hazards

A

EQ, volcanoes, Tsunamis-> affect shoreline
FLoods, storm surges, -> erosion
Eroding cliffs -> landslides

29
Q

NAtural Service Functions of Coastal Hazards

A
  • scenic bluffs/coastlines
  • beaches maintained with deposition
  • coasts bring tourists
30
Q

Human Interactions with Coasts

A

-removing sand dunes in barrier islands leaves them vulnerable for storm surges

31
Q

Hard Stabilization

A

1) Sea Wall: protects but causes erosion at base
2) Groin: captures sand from longshore drift but erosion occurs downdrift
3) Break water: protects boats
4) Jetties: protects river mouthes

32
Q

Soft Stabilization

A

-adding sand to nourish beaches

33
Q

E-line

A

expected shoreline after certain number of years

34
Q

E-zone

A

Area between current shoreline and E-line

35
Q

Land Use to Minimize Damage

A

-coastal buildings should be temp. but developers only see money

36
Q

Hybrid Disasters

A

Combination of natural and technological disaster

37
Q

Technological Disaster

A

Human made devices causing disasters, worst is those with industry/transportation

38
Q

Cumulative Effects

A

effects that worsen over time

39
Q

Calculating Risk of Large Scale Structures

A

Probability of failure during lifetime of structure

40
Q

Calculating Risk of Transportation

A

Probability of death/injury per km travelled

41
Q

Calculating Risk of Industry

A

Probability of death/injury per person per hour exposed

42
Q

Radon

A
  • comes from decay or Uranium in rock
  • inhaled it becomes polonium which lodges into lungs and causes damage
  • colourless, tasteless, odourless
43
Q

Radiation

A

-can be inhaled/ingested
-Direct Effects: within days
Indirect Effects: mutagenesis to offspring
-Delayed Effects: cancer
-comes from 1)tailings from mining Uranium, and Nuclear Reactors

44
Q

Nuclear Reactor Meltdowns

A

accident that results in damage from overheating

  • fuel rods tirn to liquid, walls of reactor core melt
  • hot liquid melts bottom and seeps into floor/soil
45
Q

Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident

A
  • one of two reactors in Pennsylvania had valve break that control coolant
  • radiation leaked
  • worst disaster in the U.S… wussys
46
Q

Chernobyl Nuclear Accident

A
  • flawed design, operator error, disregard for safety lead to explosion
  • 30 died immidietly, 2500 deaths due to thyroid cancer
  • worst in the world
47
Q

Titanic

A

sunk on first voyage

  • hit a glacier
  • death toll was high because there were not enough safety boats
48
Q

Exxon Valdez Spill

A
  • oil tanker hit the side of rocky reef in Alaska
  • 75 million litres spilled
  • remote location made recovery very difficult
49
Q

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

A
  • oil rig exploded with methane gas
  • 8.5 million litres a day were released for 5 months
  • extensive damage to wetlands/beaches
  • tourism indistry faced loss, BP oil company blamed
  • happened due to cost cutting choices in maintenance and they did not have a safety system
50
Q

Mineapolis Bridge Collapse

A
  • excessive weight form vehicles, concrete, construction vehicles
  • 13 died
51
Q

Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse

A

High winds caused collapse of suspension Bridge, there were no trusses for wind to go through

52
Q

Challenger

A
  • Cold weather lowered resiliency of rubber O-ring
  • lead to release of gas = failed rocket booster
  • 7 astronauts died on launch
53
Q

Columbia

A
  • during launch a piece of insulation broke off from external tank
  • struck left wing, damaged heat protector
  • disintegrated upon re-entry

Natural Disasters Earth Sc 2GG3 (6 decks)

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