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PHSL232 Lectures 1-38 > Lecture 8 - Cell Communication II, Intracellular signalling > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Cell Communication II, Intracellular signalling Flashcards

1
Q

what is an intracellular receptor?

A

a lipophilic receptor that is for steroid and thyroid (tyrosine derivatives and lipophilic) hormones

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2
Q

what is the function of carrier proteins of intracellular receptors?

A

can carry the signal molecules inside the cell to either the nucleus or cytoplasm receptor that are both within the nucleus

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3
Q

what are the classical intracellular signalling method?

A

steroid hormones

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4
Q

where is the steroid hormone receptor commonly located?

A

commonly located in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

how does a steroid hormone initiate an early primary response?

A

by entering the plasma membrane and binding with a receptor. Binding creates a steroid hormone-receptor complex

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6
Q

where does the steroid hormone-receptor complex translocate too?

A

translocates to the nucleus and activates gene transcription

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7
Q

what receptor does thyroid hormone signalling act on?

A

acts on a nuclear receptor

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8
Q

what occurs when thyroid hormones enter the cell?

A

they enter via diffusion and once inside, T4 is converted to T3 and the addition of a cofactor causing binding to the receptor

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9
Q

what does binding to the receptor of thyroid hormones activate and increase?

A

activates gene transcription and increases metabolism

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10
Q

what are cell surface receptors?

A

lipophilic plasma membrane receptors that activate intracellular machinery to act as a second messenger by binding the signal to the plasma membrane receptor

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11
Q

what triggers the opening of ligand-gated ion channels?

A

upon an influx of ions or signal molecule binding channels are opened

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12
Q

what binds to DNA in terms of receptors?

A

steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA

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13
Q

what is Gs?

A

the G-protein that stimulates the second messenger system

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14
Q

what is Gi?

A

the G-protein that inhibits the second messenger system (not the cell itself)

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15
Q

what is the function of GTP?

A

activates the alpha-subunit and the beta-gamma-subunit to activate downstream functions of the cell

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16
Q

what activates adenylylcyclase?

A

activates by Galpha

17
Q

what does an activated adenylylcyclase activate?

A

activates protein kinase A (PKA)

18
Q

what does an activated protein kinase A (PKA) activate?

A

CREB binding to DNA inducing gene transcription

19
Q

what is CREB?

A

a common substrate of PKA

20
Q

what is Gq?

A

the G-protein that doesn’t act through cAMP (cyclic AMP)

21
Q

what are the second messengers of GPCR’s?

A

IP3 (inositol triphosphate)

DAG (diaglycerol)

22
Q

what is the function of inositol triphosphate (IP3)?

A

through receptors on the ER and ligand-gated ion channels Ca2+ is released to activate Ca2+ dependant pathways

23
Q

what is the function of diaglycerol (DAG)?

A

helps to activate protein kinase C and this produces the cells response to the protein P04

24
Q

what are receptor protein kinases?

A

receptors that have a tyrosine kinase within their structure

25
Q

what is the function of tyrosine kinases?

A

part of the receptor that phosphorylates tyrosine’s on proteins leading to protein activation

26
Q

what are enzyme-linked receptors?

A

when a signal molecule acts as a dimer to activate the inactive catalytic domain or the signal molecule activates an enzyme, stabilising a complex to allow reactions with the intracellular portion of a cell

27
Q

what is a type of enzyme-linked receptor?

A

tyrosine-kinase associated receptor (not the same as receptor tyrosine kinases)

28
Q

what binds to a tyrosine-kinase associated receptor?

A

a neurotransmitter/hormone binds to a receptor associated with JAK (janus kinase) that is bound to a different molecule

29
Q

what is regulated intramembrane proteolysis?

A

proteolysis by a metalloproteinase then release by the beta-gamma-secretase/presenilin complex

30
Q

what are eicosanoid receptors?

A

receptors that activate phospholipase A and this breaks down phospholipids (only the lipids are broken down not proteins)

31
Q

what is the pathway of the breakdown of phospholipids?

A

phospholipase A2 –> arachidonic acid –> cyclcoxygenase pathway –> prostaglandins –> vascular actions + inflammation + uterine contractions for birth

32
Q

what is the result of the breakdown of phospholipids?

A

vascular actions
inflammation
uterine contractions for birth

PHSL232 Lectures 1-38 (14 decks)

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