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PHSL232 Lectures 1-38 > Lecture 6 - Synaptic Transmission II, Neurotransmitters & Receptors > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Synaptic Transmission II, Neurotransmitters & Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 classes of small molecule neurotransmitters?

A 
acetylcholine class
amino acid class
biogenic amine class
purine class
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2
Q

what are the 5 classes of peptide neurotransmitters?

A 
hypothalamic hormones
neuropeptide Y
opioid peptides
tachykinins
VIP-glucagon family
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3
Q

what are the 3 classes of neurotransmitter types?

A

small molecule classes
peptide classes
gas class

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4
Q

what is the neurotransmitter of the acetylcholine class?

A

acetylcholine

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5
Q

where does acetylcholine act on?

A

acts on the brain, NMJ, autonomic endings, basal ganglia and the GI tract

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6
Q

what are the 3 neurotransmitters of the amino acid class?

A

glutamate
GABA (Y-aminobutyric acid)
glycine

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7
Q

where do the neurotransmitters of the amino acid class act on?

A

acts on the brain, spinal cord and the retina

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8
Q

what are the 5 neurotransmitters of the biogenic amine class?

A 
adrenaline
noradrenaline
dopamine
serotonin
histamine
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9
Q

where do the neurotransmitters of the biogenic amine class act on?

A

acts on the brain, spinal cord and sympathetic endings

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10
Q

what are the 2 neurotransmitters of the purine class?

A

ATP

adenosine

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11
Q

where does the neurotransmitters of the purine class act on?

A

acts on the brain, autonomic ganglia

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12
Q

where do the neurotransmitters of the peptide class act on?

A

acts on the brain, spinal cord and pituitary gland

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13
Q

what are the 2 neurotransmitters of the gas class?

A

nitric oxide

carbon monoxide

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14
Q

where do the neurotransmitters of the gas class act on?

A

in low does act on the brain, spinal cord and the GI tract

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15
Q

what is the function of metabotropic receptors?

A

to change metabolic signalling

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16
Q

what is an example of metabotropic receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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17
Q

how is the G-protein coupled receptor activated?

A

binding of a neurotransmitter activates the G-protein

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18
Q

what is the function of an activated G-protein?

A

to relay intracellular messages to the G-protein subunit or intracellular messengers (effector protein) to modulate ion channels

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19
Q

what is the effect of modulating ion channels in G-protein coupled receptors?

A

this results in ions channels opening and ions flowing across the membrane

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20
Q

what neurotransmitter classes is a G-protein coupled receptor used for?

A

used for Ach, biogenic amines, neuropeptides and purine classes

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21
Q

what are ionotropic receptors?

A

receptors that are themselves an ion channel

22
Q

where does the neurotransmitter bind on ionotropic receptors?

A

the neurotransmitter binds to the cell surface receptor because they are lipophilic and cannot cross the cell membrane

23
Q

what is the effect of a neurotransmitter binding to an ionotropic receptor?

A

binding opens the ion channels resulting in ions flowing across the membrane

24
Q

what is a ligand?

A

something that binds with a biological molecule to form a complex and produces an effect

25
Q

what is an example of a ligand?

A

a neurotransmitter

26
Q

where does the neurotransmitter bind to the ionotropic receptor?

A

the neurotransmitter binds where the ion channel is an integral part of the receptor

27
Q

when is the ion channel of an ionotropic receptor closed?

A

when a neurotransmitter (ligand) is not bound the channel is closed

28
Q

what are glutamate receptors composed of?

A

composed of 3 transmembrane domains and 4 subunits

29
Q

what is the relationship between different subunits and ion channels of glutamate receptors?

A

different subunits have different properties but can still have the same ion channels

30
Q

what are the receptor subtypes of glutamate receptors?

A

NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptors

31
Q

what are cys-loop receptors composed of?

A

composed of 4 transmembrane domains and 5 subunits

32
Q

what are cys-loop receptors?

A

ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by several different structural neurotransmitters

33
Q

what are 4 examples of neurotransmitters acting upon cys-loop receptors?

A

GABA
glycine
serotonin
acetylcholine

34
Q

what is the relationship between cys-loop receptors and excitation/inhibition?

A

these receptors can be excitatory or inhibitory based on selectivity

35
Q

what is the effect of different subunits in cys-loop receptor subtypes?

A

creates variations in strength, response, timing and duration

36
Q

what is the most common excitatory synapse in the brain?

A

glutamate synapse

37
Q

what is the function of glial cells at glutamatergic synapses?

A

to actively participate in synaptic transmission

38
Q

what is glutamate synthesised from?

A

glutamate is synthesised from glutamine by the enzyme glutaminase

39
Q

how is glutamate packaged into vesicles?

A

to be packaged into vesicles glutamine requires energy to be pumped against its concentration gradient into glutamate vesicles by the vGLUT

40
Q

what is the vGLUT?

A

vesicular glutamate transporter

41
Q

how does the exocytosis of glutamate occur?

A

occurs through glutamate receptors on the cell surface to the postsynaptic cell

42
Q

how is any extra glutamate cleaned up?

A

excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) cleans up any extra glutamate released and pump it back into the glutamatergic synapse

43
Q

what are the 3 types of EAAT’s (excitatory amino acid transporters)?

A

EAAT1
EAAT2
EAAT5

44
Q

what is glutamate cotransported with?

A

cotransported with Na+

45
Q

what is the relationship between metabotropic receptors and the alpha subunit?

A

the alpha subunit dissociates at the metabotropic receptor

46
Q

how does the alpha subunit dissociate?

A

by the activation of ion channels leading to changes in voltage of either depolarisation (more positive) or hyperpolarisation (more negative)

47
Q

where does alpha subunit dissociation at the metabotropic receptor occur in?

A

occurs in Na+, K+ and CI- channels in the postsynaptic cell modulated by second messengers

48
Q

what are second messengers?

A

small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell surface receptors to effector proteins

49
Q

what are voltage-gated ion channels?

A

ion channels that open in response to depolarisation

50
Q

what are ionotropic receptors?

A

ion channels that open in response to a neurotransmitter binding

51
Q

what are metabotropic receptors?

A

can open ion channels via the activation of effector proteins

PHSL232 Lectures 1-38 (14 decks)

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