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Cardio/Pulm Final > Lecture 8: Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How is sensory information (AP) carried to the CNS from the periphery?

A

Afferent neurons

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2
Q

How is motor information (AP) carried from the CNS out to the periphery?

A

Efferent neurons (motorneuron)

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3
Q

At the simplest level, the nervous system functions in a series of ________.

A

Reflex arcs

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4
Q

What occurs first when you touch a hot stove?

A

Nociceptors in hand are brought to threshold and an AP travels down the nerve to the spinal cord.

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5
Q

What occurs at the spinal cord after you touch a hot stove?

A
  • The AP depolarizes the pre-synaptic membrane of the axon from nociceptors.
  • The efferent neuron is brought to threshold by the epsp’s
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6
Q

What occurs from the spinal cord out to the hand during the withdraw reflex?

A

An AP travels through the (alpha)-motorneuron out to the hand activating the skeletal muscle.

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7
Q

What takes the place of the efferent neuron (motorneurons) in the autonomic reflex arc?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

How is the stimulus coming through the afferent neuron different for the autonomic nervous system?

A

Are often much broader stimuli, and many times are afferents within the viscera

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9
Q

In the reflex arc what is more important for function, spinal cord or brain?

A

The spinal cord, don’t actually need a brain for this reflex.

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10
Q

Where does the majority of the integration of autonomic reflex occur? (Be specific)

A

Within the brain, more specifically the lower levels (brainstem and hypothalamus)

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11
Q

The outflow of the ANS has how many neurons in series going to the effector cell?

A

Two neurons

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12
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Collection of cell bodies outside of the CNS

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13
Q

Where does the pre-ganglionic axon synapse on the post-ganglionic neuron?

A

The ganglion

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14
Q

Where does the post-ganglionic neuron travel?

A

To the target organ where it synapses

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15
Q

Where do the axons of the parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons leave the CNS?

A
  • Cranial region

- Sacral region

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16
Q

Where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system located?

A

On or near the target organ

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17
Q

What are lengths of the parasympathetic pre- and post-ganglionic fibers?

A

Pre-ganglionic = long

Post-ganglionic = short

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18
Q

Where do the axons of the sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons leave the CNS?

A
  • Thoracic region

- Lumbar region

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19
Q

Where are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system located?

A

The sympathetic chain, just outside the vertebral column

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20
Q

What are lengths of the sympathetic pre- and post-ganglionic fibers?

A

Pre-ganglionic = short

Post-ganglionic = long

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21
Q

In the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system what is the NT released by the pre-ganglionic fiber and what receptor does it bind to?

A

ACh is released and binds to a nicotinic AChR on the post-ganglionic cell membrane.

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22
Q

What occurs when ACh binds to the nAChR on the post-ganglionic cell membrane?

A
  • nAChR is a ligand-gated sodium channel

- Sodium enters the dendrite causing an epsp and eventually an AP

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23
Q

What NT is released by the post-ganglionic cell in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

ACh

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24
Q

What is the efferent synaptic structure in the autonomic nervous system? (She uses a specific analogy here)

A

These synapses are en passant (in passing)

*Like the mailman throwing your mail out of the window as/he she goes by your house…

25
Q

What are varicosities of the autonomic nerves; what do they contain?

A

Small swellings along the axon that contain vesicles with NT

26
Q

Due to the efferent synapses of the autonomic nervous system not being as protected as the specialized NMJ’s what occurs?

A

Substantial leakage of the NT into the systemic circulation.

*Can be used as an indicator of autonomic nervous system activity.

27
Q

What type of receptor does ACh bind to on the effector cell after being released from the post-ganglionic cell in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

A muscarinic receptor (GPCR)

28
Q

What does binding of ACh to an M2 (muscarnic) receptor cause in cardiac tissue?

A

↓cAMP —-> ↑ gK+ (hyperpolarizes cell)

29
Q

What kind of receptor does ACh bind to on the post-ganglionic cells’s dendrites after being released from the pre-ganglionic cell of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Nicotinic ACh receptor

30
Q

What is the NT released by the post-ganglionic fiber of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine

31
Q

What two receptors can norepinephrine bind to?

A
  • α-adrenergic receptor

- β- adrenergic receptor

32
Q

What do the α-adrenergic receptors have a higher affinity for?

A

Higher affinity for NE than epinephrine

33
Q

What do the β- adrenergic receptors have a higher affinity for?

A

Higher affinity for epinephrine

34
Q

What affect do β- adrenergic receptors have on cAMP?

A

all ↑ cAMP

35
Q

What kind of cells are found within the adrenal medulla and what do they produce?

A

Chromaffin cells which produce epinephrine

36
Q

The adrenal medulla is equivalent to what for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic ganglion (where pre-ganglionic fibers synapses with post-ganglionic fibers)

37
Q

What NT acting on what kind of receptor tells the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine?

A

ACh acting at nicotinic receptors

38
Q

Where does the epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla go?

A

To the blood

39
Q

Which two muscles of the eye will be affected by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

1) Radial muscle of iris (contracts)

2) Ciliary muscle of lens (relaxes)

40
Q

What type of receptor is found on the radial muscle of the iris; what affect is produced by the sympathetic NS?

A
  • α-adrenergic receptor

- Contracts muscle, dilating the pupil, allowing more light in

41
Q

What type of receptor is found on the ciliary muscle of the lens; what affect is produced by the sympathetic NS?

A
  • β-adrenergic receptor

- Relaxes muscle, flattening the lens, allowing focus on far objects

42
Q

What type of receptors are found on the heart for the sympathetic nervous system; what do they do?

A
  • β1 and β2-adrenergic receptors

- Increase the HR and strength of contraction

43
Q

What’s the simple rule of thumb for α-receptors acting on the vasculature?

A

Cause contraction of vascular smooth muscle = vasoconstriction

44
Q

What’s the simple rule of thumb for β-receptors acting on the vasculature?

A

Cause relaxation of vascular smooth muscle = vasodilation

45
Q

Most arteries and veins contain which receptors?

A

Both α and β receptors

46
Q

Which organs do the α and β receptors have a strong effect on?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Abdominal organs
  • Kidneys
47
Q

What’s the importance of having a lot of α and β receptors in the abdominal organs and kidneys?

A

So blood can be shunted to the more important organs during sympathetic response, such as: heart, lungs, brain, and skeletal muscle

48
Q

Which arterial systems only contain α receptors?

A
  • Skin and mucosa (so you don’t bleed to death)
  • Salivary glands (dry mouth)
  • Brain
49
Q

Bronchial smooth muscle contains which receptor and the effect?

A
  • β2 receptors

- Smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation

50
Q

Bronchial glands contain which receptor and the effect?

A

α1 receptors: decrease secretion (profound effect)

β2 receptors: increase secretion

51
Q

What is contained in the inhaler of a person who is asthmatic?

A

β2 agonist (causes bronchodilation)

52
Q

What receptors are found in the digestive tract for motility; affect during sympathetic response?

A
  • α1 and β receptors

- Decrease motility

53
Q

What is the importance of having α1 receptors on the sphincter of the GI tract during a sympathetic response?

A

Sphincter contracts and blocks food from moving any further through the digestive tract

54
Q

What is the function of α2 receptors on secretion in the GI tract during sympathetic response?

A

Decrease secretion

55
Q

Function of the α1 and β2 receptors of the liver during sympathetic response?

A

Increase glycogenolysis (release of glucose)

56
Q

Function of the α1, β1, and β3 receptors found in adipose tissue during the sympathetic response?

A

Increase lipolysis

57
Q

After the sympathetic response, which receptors does the parasympathetic system act on?

A

Muscarinic receptors

58
Q

Why is there not parasympathetic receptors in all the same places as sympathetic?

A

All that is required in many of these areas is just to turn down the sympathetic response and things will return tor normal

59
Q

How does the parasympathetic system act directly and indirectly on the heart?

A
  • Decreases HR (directly) through SA and AV node

- Contractility of the hear (indirectly) since the sympathetic system is turned down

Cardio/Pulm Final (18 decks)

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