Lecture 8 - Attachment Flashcards
What was Ainsworth (1979)’s definition of attachment?
“a deep-seated emotional tie that one individual forms with another, binding them together in space and enduring over time”
- not born with it
- hard to identify
Why do Ainsworth say attachmennt was important?
Promotes security - safe base for exploration
- Infant uses smiles, hugs, following to promote attachment and ensure security
Why do Bowbly say attachmennt was important?
- Protects child from danger
- “Mother love in infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as are vitamins and proteins are for physical health”
What were Maccoby (1980)s 4 signs of infant attachment
- Proxmity to CG - use distress to bring them close, follow/ gaze at them
- Distress on seperation
- Happy on reunion
- orient actions to CG
- once mobile, they move/ follow CG, not just stare at them
- develop stranger anxiety
- all 4 inidicate an attachment to have taken place
- evident at 7-9 months
- fear of strangers, discriminate people
What are assumptions of attachment theory?
- Parent plays central role
- Cognitive, sensori-motor skills necessary for attachment (e.g. OP) - develops around 7-9 months
- Learning in social interactions is important - watching others, learn to how to act by how CG treats child
- learns cause and effect
What was Bowbly studying?
- Evolutionary-ethological approach
- Inspired by darwin - attachment has surival function
- Need for proxmity to CG seen across species - ensure protection
- Argued children are active in attachment relationship
- Secure base in 2nd half of 1st year
- changes/ develops over life span
Outline Bowbly’s phases of attachment (1969)
- No discrimination (in orientation/ signals) 0-5 months
- reacts same to all - Preferential people 5-7 months
- Better comforted by CG (start of attachment),not much stranger anxiety tho - Preferential proximity 7-9 months
- to discriminated person via signals/ moving. Try to keep CG close
- attachment develops - Goal-corrected 2/3 years
- Child can accomodate to CG’s needs and follow instructions - Lessening attachment (proximity) school age +
- Attachment becomes abstract, trust, approval, affection etc
- Doesnt mind beng seperated
To whom are attachments made?
- used to believe it was just to mother - now its multiple, but strongest is to mother
- Qualities of CG important: responsive, interactive, playfull - not just being a standard CG
Oultine Schaffer & Emerson (1964)
- Interview scottish mothers
- asked who infant was attached to
•7-9 months: 29% had +1 attachment figure
• 18 months: 87% had +1 attachment figure
• 33% infants had strongest attachment to someone not mother
Outline Fox (1977)
- Israeli Kibbutzim
- children were in a nursery with a nurse, spending most of time without mother
- 1-2 year olds were strongly attached to both mother and nurse - both provided safe base/ reassurance
explai Fox (1977) findings: Why?
In agricultural societies - mothers in the field and infant is left with relatives - mother would breast feed though
- Other people have CG roles but infant still forms attachments
- Indicates attachment = universal component of dev
Outline the SS - Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wahls (1978)
- measures how ‘well’ attached/ how secure infants are to CG
- 12-24 month infants
- CG acted as safe base/ comforter
- can the CG comfort them?
- 7/8 episodes
In SS what should a secure infant show?
- explore when CG present
- stressed when CG absent
- Comforted when CG returns
Outline SS procedure
- M and I in room, I explores (3 mins)
- S enters, sits 1 min, talks to M 1 min, plays with I 1 min
- M leaves, S plays with I then just watches, (up to 3 mins)
- M returns, S leaves, M settles I for 3 mins, reaction noted
- M leaves, I alone (for up to 3 mins) - looks at seperation anxiety
- S enters attempts to settle I then withdraw if can ((3 mins)
- M returns, S leaves, M settles I and sits down
END
X - unethical, can be terminated if so
What was the infant rated on?
- CG directed behaviour - +/-, e.g. smile/ seperation anx
- Seeking/ maintaining contact, distance interactions, avoidance/ resistant to contact
- Responses to strangers, comforted?