Lecture 5 - Play 1 Flashcards
What were Fargen (1974)’s two types of definitions of play
- Functional definitions
- about purpose of behaviour
- no external goal
- just for fun - Structural
- about tthe behaviours performd
- play signals (smiling, open mouth), indicate intent of behaviour - fun not agression-
What did Loizos (1967) say play was?
Play = something that is repeated, fragmented, exaggerated and re-ordered
Define play
- in early months, exploring and play are very similar
- Power (2000) - something nearly all species of mammal engage in
- Reynolds (1976) “behaviour in the stimulative mode- - found reocurring specific characteristics of play behviour in rhesus monkeys
Outliner Krasnor & People (1980); Smith & Vollstedt (1985) descriptors of play
- Intrinsic motivation
- i want to do it, not to satisfyy social situation - Positive affect - leads to enjoyment, shown through signals
- Non-literality - often a pretend element, not serious
- Flexibility - not rigid, changes across situations
- Means > ends
- no goal, play is the important thing, not outcome
outline Garvey (1991) definitions of play
play:
- is pleasurable - positively valued by player
- No extrnisic goals, just for fun
- Is spontaneous and voluntary (not forced)
- Involves active engagement on part of player (active, not passive)
- has systematic relations to what is not play - define what play is not, what is left =play
X - is this play? 1-4 could describe sitting on sofa
Why did Vandenberg (1978) say children play?
- PLay must have a function
- cant just be a pleasurable thing, cos loads of things that arent play are pleasurable
Why did Vandenberg (1984) and wilson (1975) say children play?
Exploration-play application sequence
- they explore a new object/ toy before playing with it?
what are generic reasons for children playing?
•to motivate learning
•builds confidence
• learn how wold works:
- interacting, planning, creativity, social adjustment, stranger anxiety, conflict management
• enhances language (social interactions/ pretend play)
• Enhance cog and social dev
•Understand emotions
Why did Ceyne & Rubin (1983) say children play?
Helps children become skills manipulators of objects - important in motor development
Oultine why Denham (1986) said children play?
To understand emotions
- studied children playing with puppets
- found those who gave the puppets emotinos understand emotions of others better in reality
Why did Pelegreeni (2000) and Lillard (2012) say children play?
Enhance cog and social dev
•Pellegreeni (2000) - rough and tumble taught about social interaction and helps physical dev
• Lillard (2012), 12-30 months, play mirrors cog ability
Outline Parten (1932)
observed 42 children, aged 2.5 4
- age where they supposedly start interacting with others
- social participation improves as they interact/ co-operate with others
- concluded 6 categories of play/ social participation
Outline Parten (1932) 6 stages of play
- unoccupied
1. solitary play (playing alone)
2. onlooker play (watching others, dont join in)
3. Parallel play (common in 18mths) - play near to others with similar toys, dont join in
4. Associated play - interaction with others, join in
5. Co-operate play - sharing, structured play - fully co-operative, teaches social interaction
6. Fantasy play - imaginary/ socio-dramatic play (smilansk)
What did piaget say about play? and what
- linked it to his cog dev stages
- Claimed there was 3 stages of play:
1. Practice/ sensori motor play
2. Symbolic/ representational play (socio-dramatic)
3. Games with rules
X - very simple, theres only 3
What were Smilanksy’s stages of play?
- more detailed
1. functional (like piaget stage 1)
2. constructive
3. dramatic (like piaget stage 2)
4. games with rules
Thought they were overlapping, but they are progressive actually
