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Animal Physiology > Lecture 8 Afferent Division > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Afferent Division Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulus

A

change detectable by the body

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2
Q

Sensory receptor cells

A
  • have cell surface receptors; respond to internal and external stimuli
  • can be an afferent neuron or communicate with afferent neuron
  • stimuli induce change in membrane potential
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3
Q

Sensory transduction

A

process of converting a sensory signal to an electrical signal in the sensory neuron. The process of reception is dependent on the stimuli itself, the type of receptor, receptor specificity, and the receptive field, which can vary depending on the receptor type.

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4
Q

Acuity

A
  • Influenced by receptive field (region of the skin surface surrounding the sensory neuron)
  • Lateral inhibition-each activated pathway inhibits the pathway next to it.
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5
Q

Parts of the eye

A

1

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6
Q

Sclera/cornea

A

Sclera-connective tissue, tough, white

Cornea- transparent, anterior

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7
Q

Choroid/Iris

A

Choroid-pigmented, blood vessels

Iris-ring of smooth muscle, pigmented

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8
Q

Retina

A

contains sensory receptor cells

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9
Q

Humors

A

Aqueous: in front of lens, thin, 5ml/day
Vitreous: behind lens jelly

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10
Q

Pupil

A

opening in center of iris

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11
Q

Iris

A

Thin, pigmented, smooth muscle

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12
Q

Circular Iris muscle

A

constrict pupil (PNS) (parasympathetic)

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13
Q

Radial Iris muscle

A

dilate pupil (SNS) (sympathetic)

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14
Q

Lens

A
  • refracts incoming light
  • Transparent, layered
  • Shape determined by ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments
  • Shape determines where light is focused
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15
Q

Retinae and associated structures

A

Blind spot: Optic nerve, blood vessels
Macula lutea: surrounds fovea
Fovea: bipolar and ganglion cells pushed aside. light directly hits photoreceptor cells (many cones)

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16
Q

Photoreceptor cells

A

-Rods and cones
Outer segment: detects light
Inner segment: metabolism
Synaptic terminal: releases neurotransmitter to bipolar cells

17
Q

Neurotransmitter release at synapse

A
  • Signaling cell depolarizes; voltage gated Na+ channels open
  • Depolarization opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels; Ca2+ is very low
  • Ca2+ binds to NT-containing vesicles causing them to release
18
Q

Rods

A
  • 120 million cells, none in fovea
  • One photopigment
  • Gray; sensitive to dim light
19
Q

Cones

A
  • 6.5 million cells, concentrated in fovea
  • Three photopigments
  • Sensitive to bright light
  • Greater acuity
20
Q

Phototransduction

A
  • Neurotransmitter release from rod/cone depends on conformation of pigment
  • Pigment:
  • Dark: 11-cis-retinal (bent)
  • Light: all-trans-retinal (straight)
  • Pigment conformation effects conformation of rhodopsin
21
Q

In the dark…

A
  • Na+ in, K+ out

- Guanylyl cyclase-converts GTP to cyclic GMP

22
Q

Dark: phototransduction

A
  • Retinal in 11-cis form
  • High concentration of cGMP
  • Keeps Na+ channels open
  • Depolarization of photoreceptor (spreads to synaptic terminal)
  • Opens Ca2+ channels in synaptic terminal
  • Release of neurotransmitter
23
Q

Light: phototransduction

A
  • Retinal changes to all-trans form
  • Activates transduction
  • Activates phosphodiesterase
  • Decreases concentration of cGMP
  • Na+ channels close
  • Photoreceptor hyperpolarizes (spreads to synaptic terminal)
  • Ca2+ channels in synaptic terminal close
  • Decreased release of neurotransmitter
24
Q

Visual field

A
  • Can be seen without moving

- Through Optic nerve (CN II)

25
Q

Optic nerve CN II

A

Crosses at optic chiasm, to thalamus, visual cortex (also to higher brain=light levels)

26
Q

Ear Structure

A

External: collects and funnels sound waves, creates vibrations
Middle: amplifies, transmits vibrations to inner ear
Inner: transduce vibrations into electrical signal (AP)

27
Q

Pitch (tone):

A

depends on frequency; same loudness

28
Q

Intensity (loudness):

A

depends on amplitude; same note

29
Q

Pinna:

A

plays a role in sound localization

30
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

vibrates in unison with sound waves

31
Q

How sound is made:

A
  1. Vibrations at oval window make pressure waves in perilymph of scala vestibuli.
    2.

Animal Physiology (7 decks)

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