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Fundamentals of Nutrition > Lecture 8 & 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 & 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Phosphorus important for?

A

Bone and Teeth strength

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2
Q

What is Potassium Important for?

A

-maintaining electrolyte and acid-base balance
-nerve conductivity
- muscle and heart functioning

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3
Q

What is Sodium important for

A

-Fluid Balance
-Nerve Function
-Muscle Contraction

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of Potassium Deficiency?

A

Consumption of Diuretics such as coffee or alcohol (common in SAD diets)

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5
Q

Where is Phosphorus absorbed?

A

in small intestine

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6
Q

What minerals are most important for Bones and Muscles?

A

Calcium and Phosphorus

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7
Q

What minerals are most important for the Nervous System?

A

Potassium and Sodium

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8
Q

What mineral is most important for the Immune System?

A

Zinc

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9
Q

What foods are good sources of Zinc?

A

Meat and Shellfish

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10
Q

What is the overall purpose of Supplementation?

A

To correct deficiencies (NOT replace a balanced diet)

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11
Q

True or False: Different forms/chelations of supplements will have different absorptions and effects on the body.

A

True:
eg. Calcium Carbonate - 4% & Calcium Citrate - 44%

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12
Q

List examples of people who may need supplementation.

A
  • ppl under frequent emotinal, psych, or enviro stress
    -those recovering from injury/illness
    -ppl dieting
    -elderly
    -children/teens w/o a balanced diet
    -those on the SAD diet (junk,processed, refined food eaters)
    -smokers/drinkers
    -pregnant/nursing moms
    -those using pharmaceuticals
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13
Q

What are some signs of Zinc Oxide inhalation?

A

-profuse sweating
-weakness
-rapid breathing

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14
Q

What are some symptoms of Acute Zinc toxicity?

A

-abdominal pain
- diarrhea
-nausea & vomiting

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15
Q

What are the primary causes of zinc deficiency?

A

-malabsorption
-chronic alcoholism
-excessive consumption of phytic acid

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16
Q

What are the main effects of Zinc deficiency?

A

-impaired growth in children
-pregnancy complications
-immune dysfunction

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17
Q

What are some diseases Zinc is used as management for?

A

-Macular Degen (eye blur disease)
-diabetes mellitus
-Wilson’s disease (Cu accum.)
-HIV/AIDS

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18
Q

List the 7 functions of Zinc.

A
  1. Cell Division assisting
  2. Collagen Formation (skin)
  3. Mental Health
  4. Immune System (every aspect)
  5. Male Hormone Metab.
  6. Insulin Activity (synth/storage)
  7. Taste & Smell
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19
Q

Zinc can displace and Excrete what mineral?

A

Copper

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20
Q

If taking high levels of Zinc, one must also supplement a little _______.

A

Copper

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21
Q

Zinc is stored in what parts of the body? name at least 3.

A
  • Prostate
  • Semen
  • Retina
  • Heart
  • Spleen
  • Lungs
  • Brain
  • Adrenal Glands
  • Skin
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Teeth
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22
Q

Along with minerals, Vitamins serve as _________ in biochem rxs

A

CoEzymes

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23
Q

Vitamins are essential for what 4 things?

A

-growth
-digestion
-elimination
-disease resistance

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24
Q

True or False: Vitamins can be used as a source of energy

A

False

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25
Q

Why are B vitamins named by number?

A

They were thought to be one vitamin, but turned out to be many

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26
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins are absorbed to where?

A

Directly to the Blood

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27
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins are absorbed to where, via what?

A

Lymph via Chylomicrons

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28
Q

Which of the kinds of Vitamins require a carrier to be transported, and which free transport?

A

Water Soluble - Free Transport
Fat-Soluble - Require Carrier

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29
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins are stored where, after absorption?

A

They circulate freely

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30
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins are stored where, after absorption?

A

In cells with fat, and in the liver

31
Q

Which of the 2 kinds of Vitamins is more likely to be toxic?

A

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

32
Q

What are the 2 main forms of Vitamin A?

A
  1. Carotenoids
  2. Pre-formed Vitamin A
33
Q

What are the 3 forms of Pre-Formed Vitamin A?

A
  1. Retinol
  2. Retinal
  3. Retinoic Acid
34
Q

What is the main form of Carotenoids (Vit A)?

A

ß-Carotene

35
Q

Where are Carotenoids derived from?

A

Plants

36
Q

Where are Carotenoids converted in the body after ingestion?

A

in the Liver

37
Q

What are the main 6 functions of Vitamin A?

A
  1. Vision
  2. Growth/Differentiation
  3. Immune Functions
  4. Healthy Skin
  5. Lowers Cancer Risk
  6. Antioxidant
38
Q

What are the main causes of Vitamin A deficiency?

A
  1. Fat Malabsorption
  2. Zinc Deficiency (inferes w VA met)
  3. Iron (double-deficiency)
  4. Age ( conversion decrease w age)
39
Q

True or False: There is no risk of toxicity with Carotenoids (VitA)

A

True

40
Q

What vitamin acts more like a hormone than a vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

41
Q

Vitamin D is manufactured from ___________ in ____

A

Cholesterol; Skin

42
Q

Which form of Vitamin D is derived from Animal Sources? (fish, egg yolk, butter?)

A

Vitamin D3

43
Q

Which form of Vitamin S is derived from Plant Sources?

A

Vitamin D2

44
Q

Vitamin D requires ____ for absorption.

A

Bile

45
Q

What are the 6 main functions of Vitamin D?

A
  1. Bone Health/ Ca P homeost.
  2. Immunity modulator
  3. Gene Regulation
  4. Cell differentiation/growth
  5. Pain
  6. Nervous System maintenance
46
Q

What is another name for Vitamin D?

A

Calciferol

47
Q

Vitamin D deficiency is caused by what (7)

A
  1. lack of sun exposure & sunscreen
  2. breastfeeding
  3. old-age
    4.fat-malabsorption
  4. obesity (vit D gets stored)
  5. statin; chol. l lowering meds
  6. Mg deficiency (cant conv enz)
48
Q

What are some main symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • Rickets
  • Muscle Weakness, pain
  • Inc risk of breast & colorectal cancers
  • Poor immunity
    -Atopic Dermatitis
    -Mortality risk increase
49
Q

True or False: Vitamin D toxicity can be seen due to too much sun exposure

A

False: only w extreme daily supplementation

50
Q

Vitamin D Toxicity results in what main disease?

A

Hypercalcemia

51
Q

What are the 2 main families of Vitamin E?

A

Tocopherols (4)
Tocotrienols (4)

52
Q

What is the only form of Vitamin E that meets the human VE requirement?

A

a-Tocopherol

53
Q

What are the 3 main sources of VItamin E?

A
  • Vegetable Oil
  • Nuts
  • Avocado
54
Q

What are the 4 main functions of Vitamin E?

A
  1. Antioxidant
  2. Enhance Immune Function
  3. Anti-Clotting Properties
    4.Phytoestrogen (modulates estrogen receptors in post-menopausal women)yes
55
Q

Vitamin K deficiencies tend to occur in people with…

A

impaired fat absorption/digestion
eg; cystic fibrosis, IBD

56
Q

What are some symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency?

A

-Cell Membrane Breakdown
-Nerve/Muscle Damage
-Vision Damage
-Weak Immune System

57
Q

What are the 3 main kinds of Vitamin K?

A
  1. Vitamin K1
  2. Vitamin K2
  3. Menadione
58
Q

Which kind of Vitamin K is found in Plants?

A

Vitamin K1

59
Q

Which kind of Vitamin K is made by bacteria in the gut?

A

Vitamin K2

60
Q

Which kind of Vitamin K is synthetic?

A

Menadione

61
Q

What are the main food sources of Vitamin K1?

A

Leafy Greens
Canola Oil

62
Q

True or False: there are no dietary requirements for Vitamin K2

A

True

63
Q

Which Vitamin is reused multiple times in the body due to limited storage?

A

Vitamin K

64
Q

What are the 4 main functions of Vitamin K?

A
  1. Coagulation (bludcot formation)
  2. Bone Mineralization
  3. Prevents Soft Tissue Calcification
  4. Cell Growth Regulator
65
Q

Large Doses of Vitamin A and Vitamin E antagonize and counteract which Vitamin?

A

Vitamin E

66
Q

What are some symptoms of Vitamin K Deficiency?

A
  • Hemorrhage (excessive bleeding)
    -Inc risk of Osteoporosis
67
Q

True or False: Babies can Synthesize Vitamin K.

A

False: baby guts are sterile, so cant synthesize VK

68
Q

True or False: all Water-Soluble Vitamins are stored in the body.

A

False: only B6 and B12 are. rest are used up and peed out

69
Q

Why are Water-Soluble Vitamins needed daily, through our diets? (unlike fat-soluble vitamins)

A

Because we use them up and pee them our in about 4 hours and aren’t stored in the body like fat soluble vitamins are.

70
Q

What vitamin is Ascorbic Acid?

A

Vitamin C

71
Q

What Vitamin is the Cheif Antioxidant (most anti-oxidative properties)?

A

Vitamin C

72
Q

What are the main functions of Vitamin C? (10)

A
  1. Antioxidant
  2. Supports Adrenal Functions
  3. Needed for Collagen
  4. Immune Cell Component
  5. Eye / Cataract Health
  6. Parkinson’s - neutralizes basal ganglia
  7. Hormone/NT synthesis
  8. aids in Cholesterol
  9. Iron Absorption
  10. Lead Toxicity decrease (in blood)
73
Q

What are the main symptoms of VItamin C deficiency? (5)

A
  1. Scurvy
  2. Fatigue
  3. Bleeding Gums
  4. Mental Health Issues
  5. Cancer

Fundamentals of Nutrition (5 decks)

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