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Fundamentals of Nutrition > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic solid chemical molecules (come from earth, not produced by organisms)

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2
Q

How do plants obtain minerals?

A

via the soil

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3
Q

How do humans obtain minerals?

A

by eating plants, animals, and consuming water

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4
Q

True or False: Minerals can be reduced into simpler substances.

A

False

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5
Q

75% of our bodies remains in what form of mineral, during decomposition

A

Calcium- in our bones

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6
Q

What are the 2 main processes in which minerals are essential?

A

Metabolism & Energy Production

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7
Q

List the 5 main functions in which Minerals aid with.

A
  1. as enzymes co-factors
  2. hormones
  3. cell-to-cell communication (chem&elec)
  4. part of body structure (bones, teeth, CT)
  5. pH, electrolyte, fluid balance
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8
Q

a foods mineral content gives it the potential to be either _____ or _______.

A

Acid ; Alkaline

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9
Q

What are the minerals that carry a charge in the body?

A

Electrolyte

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10
Q

What are the 3 roles of Electrolyts?

A
  1. Transmission of electrical signals
  2. Balancing of pH
  3. Moderating Hydration
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11
Q

Imbalances of electrolytes can lead to what main health issue?

A

muscle cramps

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12
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the human body?

A

Calcium

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13
Q

All Minerals are Electrolytes, except for which one?

A

Sulfur

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14
Q

When calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates what? (4)

A
  1. bones to release Ca ions from bone matrices
  2. increase Ca reabsorption by Kidney
  3. Upreg of Vit.D
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15
Q

What minerals + hormones maintain and develop bones?

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Vit D, K2
PTH
Calcitonin Horm

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16
Q

Name at least 4 of the 7 following functions of Calcium:

A

1.Development & Maintenance of Bones / Teeth
2. Nerve Transmission
3. Blooclotting
4. Muscle Contraction / Heartbeat
5. Cell Signalling
6. Hormone Secretion
7. Lowers Cancer risk

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17
Q

Decreases in blood calcium leads to what?

A

bone demineralization

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18
Q

What is Hypercalacemia?

A

When there is too much calcium in the blood

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19
Q

What are the 2 most common forms of Chlorine found in the body?

A

NaCl - extracellular Fluid
HCL - stomach acid

20
Q

What are the 4 main functions of Cl in the body?

A
  1. Fluid Balance
  2. Digestion/stomach cleanse
  3. Acid-Based Balance
  4. Nerve Functioning/comm
  5. Transportation of ions
21
Q

Mineral Ionization require what?

A

acidic gastric pH

22
Q

Minerals are mainly absorbed where?

A

Small Intestine

23
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Release of calcium ions from bone matrices
Increases the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
Upregulates the activation of vitamin D in the kidneys: facilitates intestinal calcium ion absorption (production of Calbindin).
Exit from the cell via Calcium/ ATPase (active).

24
Q

TOXICITY (hypercalcemia: too much calcium in the blood):

A
  • Can be due to overactive parathyroid glands; over supplementation/
25
Q

what does Phosphorus offset ?

A

calcium by a 2.5:1 ratio (2.5= calcium)

26
Q

what is used for proper utilization of Phosphorus

A

mg

27
Q

High Sodium and Low
Potassium leads to

A

high blood pressure

28
Q

things sulfur does?

A

bad smells (rooten eggs), disulfide bonds: crucial for protein
structure, Detoxification and antioxidant, found in connective
tissues (such as cartilage), Skin health: Antimicrobial and anti-
inflammatory (treatment for acne, eczema, psoriasis
dandruff)

29
Q

Name 3 of the lesser likely effects of Excess Calcium.

A
  • Kidney Stones
    -Athlerosclerosis
    -Soft Tissue Calcification
    -Muscle Weakness
    -Confusion/Lethargy
30
Q

What makes Chlorine potentially toxic?

A

it can form potentially carcinogenic compounds

31
Q

Excessive ingestion of Chlorine can lead to what?

A

Disruption of Fluid Balance

32
Q

What are symptoms of excess Magnesium intake?

A

-Nausea
-Vomiting
-Hypotension
-Bradycardia
-Diarrhea

33
Q

Excess Potassium can result in what kind of negative effects?

A

-cardiac complications
-muscle dysfunction
-neurological symptoms

34
Q

Excess Sodium intake can result in what effects?

A

-fluid retention
-high blood pressure
-swelling
-seizures (severe cases)

35
Q

Excess Sulfur can result in what main symptoms?

A

-respiratory issues
-skin/eye irritation
-neuro symptoms
- GI disturbances

36
Q

What happens when there is excess intake of Phosphorus?

A

The displacement of Calcium causing an imbalance and excessive excretion of Ca

37
Q

Due to the displacement of Calcium due to excess Phosphorus intake, what health issue is likely to occur?

A

Osteoporosis

38
Q

What are the 2 main reasons for a deficiency in Calcium?

A
  1. Conditions impairing Ca absorption - inflamm bowel disease / Vit D deficiency
  2. Increased losses - certain medication or condition like hyperthyroidism or Kidney diseases
39
Q

What are the 4 main reasons for a deficiency in Magnesium?

A
  1. Consuming the Standard American Diet (SAD)
  2. Conditions impairing Mg absorption - GI diseases
  3. Increased losses - urine
  4. Medications - diuretics , etc.
40
Q

What are the 2 common conditions that are known to cause Phosphorus deficiency?

A
  1. Alcoholism
  2. Diabetes
41
Q

What are the 2 common conditions that are known to cause Potassium deficiency?

A
  1. Increased Losses (vomiting, diarrhea, excessive diuretic use)
  2. Conditions like - renal tubular acidosis, severe malnutrition
42
Q

What are the 2 common conditions that are known to cause Sodium deficiency?

A
  1. Increased (fluid) Losses (vomiting, sweating, diarrhea0
  2. Chronic Diseases - adrenal insufficiency, diuretic use)
43
Q

What are the 2 common conditions that are known to cause Sulfur deficiency?

A
  1. Low protein Diets
  2. Metabolic Disorders/ conditions impacting protein absorp/metab
44
Q

What are the minerals that are low in the SAD diet?

A
  1. Magnesium
  2. Potassium
  3. Phosphorus
  4. Calcium
45
Q

What are the minerals that counterbalance each other or antagonize with each other?

A
  1. Ca & Mg - balance for proper functioning
  2. Ca & P - work tf for bone health (form hydroxyapatite crystals) - excessive P displaces Ca

Fundamentals of Nutrition (5 decks)

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