Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What types of pathogen can be used as a vaccine?

A
  • Dead pathogen
  • Attenuated pathogen
  • Only the antigenic components of the bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are possible antigenic vaccine targets?

A
  • Outer membrane proteins
  • Fimbriae
  • Virulence factors
  • O-antigen
  • Capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many serogroups does Niesseria meningitidis have?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why has it been difficult to develop a vaccine for the five serogroup?

A

Serogroup B capsule has polysialic acid

Diffiult to target becuase also present on host cells - so there is a risk of autoimmunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the easiest way to check if protein is a membrane protein?

A

PResence of a signal sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How was a vaccine developed for this serogroup?

A

Reverse Vaccinology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of antibiotic?

A

Bacteriocidal - kills the bacteria outright

Bacteriostatic - stops bacterial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 main targets of current successful antibiotics?

A
  • Cell wall synthesis
  • Ribosomes
  • DNA topoisomerase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What two types of antibiotic interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis?

A
  • Gylcopeptides - prevent incorporation of new subunits
  • Beta-lactams - Inhibit enzymes required for transpeptidation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is MIC?

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the antibiotic resistance mechanisms?

A
  • Modify the antibiotic target
  • Limit antibiotic in the cell
    • Reduce entry
    • Increase efflux
  • Bypass the pathway
  • Enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What resistance mechanism exist aginst beta-lactams?

A

Produce and secrte beta-lactamases

Alter the PBP so the antibiotic cannot interact with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What resistance mechanisms exist against vancomycin?

A

Intrinsic resistance of Gr- bacteria

Alter target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can a strain acquire resistance?

A
  • Horizontal gene transfer
  • Mutation in target or regulatory elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What target has been used to treat E.coli infection?

A

Fimbriae - FimH and FimA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What other target was found by Greene?

A

Type 1 using a pilicide

17
Q

What treatment has started be used for antibiotic related diarrhoea

A

Replacement microbiome

Stope uncontrolled growth by clostridium difficile

18
Q

How does antibiotic treatment lead to C.difficile toxin production?

A
  • Antibiotic treatment will stop primary bile salt to secondary bile salt transition
  • Secondary bile salts can no longer inhibit vegetative growth and hence the toxin can be produced
19
Q

What are the model systems for human bacterial pathogenesis?

A
  • Primates
  • Mouse
  • Cell lines
  • Drosophila
  • C. elegans
  • Zebrafish
  • Plants
  • Computational models
20
Q

What are the stages of clincial trails?

A
  • Lab studies
  • Phase 1 - human safety in tens of patients
  • Phase 2 -Expanded safety in hundreds of patients
  • Phase 3 - Efficacy and safety in thousands of patients
21
Q
A