Lecture 8/29/18

Question 1

Where is DNA and RNA ?

Answer 1

Red = newly syntheszied DNA

green = newly synthesized RNA

Question 2

Which one of these are not synthesized in the nucleus?

non protein encoding RNA

Ribosomes

proteins encoding RNA

telomerase

Answer 2

ribosomes

Question 3

what causes mRNA to be processed in “factories”?

Answer 3

Scaffold proteins maintain transcription accessory proteins in close proximity to RNA poly

Aggregation factors accumulate the componets necessary for trancription into region

Question 4

True for false. A microRNA is a protein coding RNA molecule

Answer 4

FALSE

its a NON PROTEIN coding RNA

Question 5

What are the steps of translation (7)

Answer 5

1. RNA poly (II) together with trancription factors bind to promotor DNA
2. RNA polymerase creates a transcription bubble which separates the two strand of the DNA helix. This is done by breaking the hydrogen bonds b/w complementary DNA nucleotides
3. RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides (which are same nucleotides of non template DNA strand)
4. RNA-sugar -phosphate backbone forms with by RNA poly (II) to form RNA strands
5. Hydrogen bonds of the RNA-DNA helix break, free the newly synthezised RNA strand
6. In eukaryotes, post transcriptional process includes poly adentlation, 5’ capping , and splicing
7. The RNA may remain in nucleus or exit through the nuclear pore complex

Question 6

What on mRNA is used to ID where it will be sent?

Answer 6

The 3’ polyadenylene tail and the 5’ cap

Question 7

What happens after mRNA is process?

Answer 7

It is sent out of the cell

Through a nuclear pore complex via nuclear export receptor proteins.

Question 8

Which is these is not done in the Nucleous?

A. rRNA transcription

B. Assembly of of snoRNA to snRNA

C. Telomerase assembly

D. Additon of the 40s subunit to 60s subunit

E. B and C

F. B and D

I. All of the above are done in Nucleous

Answer 8

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Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

What is the last fine quality control point of mRNA ?

Answer 11

nonsense mediated decay

eliminates mRNA witha premature stop codon

Question 12

What are the most common biochemical modifications of noncoding RNAs?

(includes splicesomes)

Answer 12

pseudouridylation and 2’O ribose methylation

Question 13

True or false: All eukaryotes have and use miRNA

Answer 13

TRUUUUUUUUUU

Question 14

What is the Nucleolus ?

Answer 14

a non membrane bound structure that is houses rRNA processing and assembly into ribosomes

Question 15

How many nucleotides does miRNA have?

Answer 15

22 nucleotides

Question 16

What is miRNA main function?

Answer 16

RNA silencing

Question 17

What is a Cajal boidies>

Answer 17

where snoRNA is made into snRNPs

Fibrillian is in both cajal bodies and nucleous

Coilin is only found in the cajal body

Question 18

T or F

In humans, The genes encoding rRNA are found on 10 loci or different chromosomes

Answer 18

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Question 19

Of all protein genes, how much regulated expression is controlled by miRNAs?

Answer 19

70%

Question 20

When is the Nucleolus and nuclear membrane dissociated and reassembled ?

Answer 20

Assocation occurs in (telophase of mitosis) or G2, and Dissocation occurs at the at prophase in mitosis

Question 21

true or false: 1 miRNA affects the translation of 1 gene

Answer 21

FALSE:

1 micro RNA can affect multiple genes because genes have consensus sequences that cause formation of a family of proteins whose mRNA can be affected

Question 22

What is snRNA made of and what does it do?

Answer 22

It is made uo of snoRNA +specfic proteins

It implements biochemical modifications of non coding RNAs

Question 23

True of False

The size of nucleolous reflects the cells need to gnereate protein

Answer 23

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Question 24

How is miRNA created and processed?

Answer 24

Question 25

What is the difference between exosomes in a molecular sense and a clincally sense?

Answer 25

• Molecular
  
  • it contains RNA nucleases that are used to degradate damaged mRNA before it leaves the cell
• Clinically
  
  • In circulatoru sys travels in the body sending msg (intra tissue) about pathological process.
  • EVIDENCE
    
    • Iintracellular communication with macromolcules b/w cells
    • spreading of mRNA,miRNA,DNA,proteins,lipids, and other factors in deveopment of dieases
    • vector for drugs

Question 26

What benefit does miRNA have in vitro?

Answer 26

we can use it to knock out mRNA CREATED BY genes