Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HLTH 230 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

minerals

A

inorganic elements that retain their chemical identity (not destroyed by cooking or storing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the trace minerals

A
  1. iodine
  2. iron
  3. zinc
  4. sulphur
  5. selenium
  6. fluoride
  7. chromium
  8. copper
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

iodine function

A
  1. integral part of thyroxine (hormone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

thyroxine

A

hormone made by thyroid gland
- regulation of basal metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

iodine deficiency symptoms

A
  1. enlarged thyroid (goiter)
  2. sluggishness
  3. weight gain
  4. severe deficiency during pregnancy can cause congenital hypothyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

goiter

A

enlarged thyroid to trap iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A
  1. extreme irreversible mental and physical developmental delay
  2. most preventable causes of intellectual delay
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what foods cause iodine deficiency?

A

collards, kate and brussel sprouts
- contain goitrogens which inhibit iodine uptake by thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

iodine toxicity

A
  1. enlarged thyroid glant
  2. can be deadly in very large amounts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sources of iodine

A
  1. seafood (from ocean)
  2. iodized salt
    - amount varies with amount in soil in which plants are grown or on which animals graze
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

iodized salt

A

less than 1/2 tsp meets an entire days recommendation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sea salt and iodine

A

sea salt contains very little iodine
- dry all of it out and iodine is blown away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

iron

A

essential nutrient and deficiency is problem for many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what contains most of the body’s iron?

A

hemoglobin and myoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen-carrying protein of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

myoglobin

A

oxygen-holding protein of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

iron function

A
  1. carried oxygen
  2. helps many enzymes use oxygen
  3. needed to make new cells, amino acids, hormones and , neurotransmitters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

iron storage and excretion

A
  1. liver puts iron into red blood cells sent from bone marrow
  2. RBCs die after 3-4 months and the liver and spleen break them down and recycle their iron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how is iron balance maintained?

A

through absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

iron loss

A
  1. small amounts of iron is loss in nail clippings, hair cutting, shed skin cells
  2. loss of iron from bleeding can be significant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

obtaining iron

A

only approx. 10-15% of iron is absorbed
1. absorption increases with diminished body supply and with need
2. absorption decreases when iron is abundant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ferritin

A

an iron storage where protein stores iron in the mucosal cells of small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens when iron is needed?

A

iron is released to transferrin and travels through blood to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what happens when iron is not needed?

A

iron is shed with the intestinal cells which are replaced every 3-5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

free iron

A

powerful oxidant
- can start free-radical reactions that damages cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

iron deficiency

A

result of iron absorption not compensating for losses or low dietary intakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

decreased iron stores

A

stage I iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

depleted iron stores

A

stage II iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

depletion of iron stores resulting in low blood hemoglobin (stage 3 deficiency)
- people can be iron deficient without being anemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

anemia results

A

cells contain too little hemoglobin and thus deliver too little oxygen which limits cells metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

symptoms of anemia

A
  1. tiredness
  2. apathy
  3. a tendency to feel cold
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are symptoms of an iron deficiency often mistaken for?

A

behavioural or emotional problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

pica

A

craving non-food substances
- occurs with iron deficiency sometimes
- inhibit iron absorption and displace food substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

causes of iron deficiency and anemia

A
  1. malnutrition and inadequate iron intake
  2. lack of food
  3. high consumption of wrong foods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

non-nutritional causes of anemia

A

losses or increased need
1. blood loss - 80% of iron is stored in blood
2. GI bleed
2. women in reproductive years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what populations need increased iron to support growth of new tissue?

A
  1. infants over 6 months
  2. children and adolescents
  3. pregnant women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the most common nutrient deficiency?

A

iron - 1.2 billion people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

iron toxicity

A
  1. toxic in large amounts
  2. difficult to excrete once absorbed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

iron overload

A

hemochromatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how does the body defend against iron overload?

A

controlling its entry (hepcidin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

hepcidin

A

a hormone secreted by liver that limits iron absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

controlling entry of iron

A
  1. small intestine traps some iron and holds it within boundaries (mucosal cells)
  2. when mucosal cells are shed, excess iron they collected is lost from the body
  3. when iron stores are filled, less iron is absorbed - protects from iron over load
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

hemochromatosis

A

an inherited disease in which the body absorbed too much iron
- genetic component to iron overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what population is hemochromatosis most common amongst?

A

caucasian men

44
Q

hemochromatosis process

A

intestine continues to absorb iron at high rate despite the excess iron building up in the body tissues

45
Q

early symptoms of hemochromatosis

A
  1. fatigue
  2. mental depression
  3. abdominal pains
46
Q

later symptoms of hemochromatosis

A
  1. tissue damage
  2. liver failure
  3. abnormal heart beats
  4. diabetes type II
  5. likely infections because bacteria thrive on iron-rich blood
47
Q

high-level iron fortification of foods

A
  1. pose no risk for healthy people
  2. many canadians take vitamin C supplements, which enhances iron absorption
48
Q

iron supplements

A
  1. can reverse iron-deficiency anemia from dietary causes
  2. leading cause of fatal accidental poisonings among Canadian children under 6 years old
49
Q

adult men and iron

A

rarely experience iron-deficiency anemia

50
Q

vegetarians and iron

A

advised to obtain 1.8 times RDA
- iron in plant foods not well-absorbed
- diets lack factors from meat that enhance iron absorption

51
Q

food vs supplement (iron)

A
  1. food is best source = better absorption
  2. pregnant women need an iron supplement
52
Q

2 forms of iron in foods

A
  1. heme iron
  2. non-heme iron
53
Q

heme iron

A

iron-containing part of hemoglobin and myoglobin found in meat, poultry and fish (bound to heme)

54
Q

non-heme iron

A

found in foods from plants and meat, poultry and fish

55
Q

is heme iron of non-heme iron absorbed better?

A

heme iron

56
Q

MFP factor

A
  1. found in meat, fish, poultry
  2. promotes absorption of non-heme iron from other foods sources eaten at the same time
57
Q

vitamin C and iron

A

can help absorption of iron from foods eaten in the same meal

58
Q

impairment of iron absorption

A
  1. tannins
  2. calcium and phosphorus (milk)
  3. phylates
59
Q

tannins

A

found in tea and coffee
- black tea is exceptional in its efficiency in reducing iron absorption (advisable for iron over load)

60
Q

phylates

A

found in fibre of lightly processes legumes and whole-grain cereals

61
Q

sources of iron

A
  1. red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs
  2. legumes, green leafy veggies, dried fruit
  3. cooking in iron pan adds iron
62
Q

zinc

A

small quantity in human body

63
Q

zinc functions

A
  1. works with proteins in every body organ
  2. helps more than 300 enzymes
  3. assists in immune function
  4. regulation of gene expression in protein synthesis
  5. taste perception
  6. wound healing
  7. sperm production
  8. fetal development
  9. growth and development in children
    10.affects behaviour and learning
  10. produces active form of Vitamin A in visual pigments
    12.
64
Q

what functions does zinc help 300 enzymes do?

A
  1. make parts of cell’s genetic material
  2. make heme in hemoglobin
  3. assist the pancreas with digestive functions
  4. help metabolize carbs, proteins, fat
  5. liberate vitamin A from storage in the liver
65
Q

zinc deficiency symptoms

A
  1. adverse growth
  2. alters digestive functions and causes diarrhea (worsen malnutrition)
  3. impairs immune response (more infections - worsen malnutrition)
  4. poor wound healing
  5. abnormal taste
  6. abnormal vision in the dark
66
Q

what is zinc deficiency often misdiagnosed as?

A

general malnutrition and sickness because symptoms are so vast

67
Q

pancreatic juices and zinc

A

pancreatic juices are rich in zinc, so after a meal, the body gets zinc from the food and pancreatic enzymes

68
Q

where is zinc primarily lost?

A

in the feces

69
Q

zinc toxicity

A
  1. can cause serious illness or death (supplements only)
  2. may reduce blood conc of HDL
  3. can inhibit copper absorption and lower bodys copper content
  4. inhibit iron absorption
70
Q

zinc absorption

A
  1. varies from 15-40%
  2. absorption decreases with increased intake
  3. absorption limited by phytates
71
Q

food sources of zinc

A
  1. meats
  2. shellfish
  3. poultry
  4. milk and milk products
72
Q

plant sources of zinc

A

no absorbed as well as animal sources
1. some legumes
2. whole grains

73
Q

selenium functions

A
  1. works as an antioxidant (prevents oxidative harm)
  2. activates thyroid hormone
  3. similar to sulfur and can occur in place of sulfur in amino acids
74
Q

what can selenium deficiency lead to?

A
  1. cancer
  2. heart disease
75
Q

cancer due to selenium deficiency

A

low blood selenium correlated with them development of some forms of cancer (prostate)

76
Q

heart disease due to selenium deficiency

A

associated with keshan disease

77
Q

keshan disease

A

heart enlargement and insufficiency
- selenium deficiency may predispose people to the disease
- adequate selenium seems to prevent keshan disease

78
Q

selenium toxicity

A

long-term supplementation

79
Q

selenium toxicity symptoms

A
  1. nausea
  2. abnormal pain
  3. hair loss
  4. nerve abnormalities
80
Q

selenium sources

A
  1. meats
  2. shellfish
  3. veggies and grains grown in selenium-rich soils
81
Q

selenium supplements

A

no benefits seen from selenium supplements unless selenium deficient

82
Q

fluoride

A

not essential to life but if beneficial

83
Q

fluoride functions

A
  1. crystalline deposits in bone and teeth
    - forms more decay-resistent fluorapatite in developing teeth
84
Q

sources of fluoride

A
  1. primary = fluoride drinking water
  2. tea and seafood
85
Q

fluoride deficiency

A

where fluoride is missing the incidence of dental decay is high

86
Q

fluridation

A

practical, safe and cost-effective way to help prevent dental caries in the young

87
Q

fluoride toxicity

A

fluorosis - discolouration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by excess fluoride during tooth development (irreversible)

88
Q

chromium function

A

works closely with insulin to regulate and release energy from glucose

89
Q

chromium deficiency

A
  1. impaired insulin action
    - results in diabetes-like conditions of high BP
    - resolves chromium supplementation
90
Q

chromium supplements

A

cannot cure common forms of diabetes

91
Q

sources of chromium

A
  1. unrefined foods and whole grains (lost during processing)
  2. liver
  3. whole grains
  4. nuts and cheeses
92
Q

copper function

A
  1. formation of hemoglobin and collagen
  2. many enzymes depend on copper for its oxygen-handing ability
  3. role in handling of iron
  4. assists in reactions leading to release of energy
  5. copper-dependent enzyme (superoxide dismutase) helps contorl damage from free-radical activity in the tissues
93
Q

copper deficiency

A
  1. rare
  2. can be caused by excess zinc
  3. menkes disease
94
Q

menkes disease

A

intestinal cells absorb copper but can’t release it into circulation causing deficiency

95
Q

symptoms of menkes disease

A
  1. can severely disturb growth and metabolism
  2. can impair immunity an blood flow through arteries
96
Q

copper toxicity

A
  1. unlikely from foods
  2. can be caused by supplementation
  3. wilsons disease
97
Q

wilsons disease

A

copper accumulates in the liver and the brain

98
Q

copper sources

A
  1. organ meats
  2. seafood
  3. nuts and seeds
  4. whole grains
  5. water may supple copper (especially with copper plumbing pipes)
    - in canada, copper intakes are adequate
99
Q

other trace minerals

A
  1. molybdenum
  2. manganese
  3. boron
  4. cobalt
  5. nickel
  6. silicon
  7. arsenic
100
Q

molybdenum

A

functions as a part of several metal-containing enzyme

101
Q

manganese

A

works with enzymes

102
Q

boron

A

influences activity of many enzymes

103
Q

cobalt

A

mineral in vitamin B12
- other name for vitamin B12 is cobalamin

104
Q

nickel

A

important for the health of many body tissues

105
Q

nickel deficiency

A

harm to the liver and other organs

106
Q

silicon

A

bone calcification in animals

107
Q

arsenic

A
  1. a known poison and carcinogen
  2. may turn out to be essential in small quantities
108
Q

trace minerals toxicity

A
  1. all trace minerals can be toxic in excess
  2. overdoses are most likely to occur in those who take supplements

HLTH 230 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions