Lecture 8

Question 1

What are senolytics? example?

Answer 1

class of drugs that selectively clear senescent cells (e.g. FOXO4-DRI)

Question 2

> Transplanting small numbers of senescent cells … in younger mice

Answer 2

induces physical dysfunction

Question 3

o Estimated muscle mass loss after 30?

Answer 3

3-8% per 10 years

Question 4

o NOT a reason for muscle mass loss? (A) Decreased physical exercise (B) anabolic resistance (C) Decreased protein intake (D) Increased anabolic hormones

Answer 4

D

Question 5

o What happens to testosterone levels after resistance exercise?

Answer 5

= increase

Question 6

o Extra mTOR stimulation can be a result of increased X intake

Answer 6

protein

Question 7

o What is not true about satellite cells? (A) Their functioning is dependent on the circulation (B) Their functioning is dependent on their microenvironment (niche) (C) No of satellite cells can only decrease (D) They can form new muscle fibers

Answer 7

C

Question 8

o Net protein balance postprandial is neg/pos

Answer 8

positive (more synthesis than breakdown)

Question 9

o Basal protein synthesis is affected by ageing
True/false

Answer 9

False, response is affected

Question 10

o T2 muscle fibres are characterised by.. (A) fast twitch fibres & many mito’s (B) Slow twitch fibres & many mito’s (C) Fast twitch fibres & fewer mito’s (D) Slow twitch fibres & fewer mito’s

Answer 10

C

Question 11

o During ageing, there is a loss of… (A) T1 fibre size (B) T2 fibre size (C) total no of fibres

Answer 11

B

Question 12

No of satellite cells decreases with age true/false

Answer 12

true

Question 13

o What was the proposed underlying mechanism in our study with the novel oral nutritional supplement?

Answer 13

Improved mito functioning

Question 14

o Which compound was researched in this study?

Answer 14

Resveratrol (polyphenol), apparently?? Does he not mean ursolic acid? Resveratrol was never mentioned

Question 15

o What outcomes can NOT be studied in muscle autopsy tissue? (Intermuscular fat infiltration, muscle protein synthesis, T2 fibre size, Satellite-cell content, DNA metylation, Mito functioning, gene expression)

Answer 15

Intermuscular fat infiltration

Question 16

o What is true about resistance exercise? (A) There are responders and non-responders (B) It is always effective in increasing muscle health at later age (C) To be effective, resistance exercise needs to be combined with protein intake (D) It is more effective than HIIT in improving mito functioning

Answer 16

B

Question 17

o What is NOT true about plant-based protein?
(A) Plant-based protein lead to a lower response in MPS compared to animal protein in both young and adult participants
(B) Plant-based proteins are less anabolic because they lack certain essential amino acids (C) Plant-based proteins are less anabolic because they are not fully absorbed in the digestive track
(D) Combining different plant-based protein sources can improve their digestibility

Answer 17

D

Question 18

o What is true about vit D and muscle health? (A) intervention studies show more positive results than cross-sectional studies (B) Vitamin D, combined with protein, was found to be able to improve the effects of RET on intermuscular fat (C) Vitamin D is part of mito membranes and could therefore improve mito functioning

Answer 18

(B) Vitamin D, combined with protein, was found to be able to improve the effects of RET on intermuscular fat

Question 19

o Stimulation of mTOR (A) decreased MPS (B) slows the ageing process (C) can be the result of elevated plasma leucine-concentrations (D) increases mito biogenesis

Answer 19

C can be the result of elevated plasma leucine-concentrations

Question 20

o During breakfast, Dutch people on average eat (A) 0 gr (B) 5 gr (C) 10 gr (D) 25 gr of protein

Answer 20

C

Question 21

o While we advice them to eat X protein during each meal moment (A) 15-20 gr (B) 25-30 gr (C) 0.8 g/kg (D) 1.0 g/kg

Answer 21

B

Question 22

o During one week of bed rest, young people lose 150 gr of lean leg mass, while older adults lose.. (A) 340 g (B) 600 g (C) 1000 g (D) 3.4 kg

Answer 22

B

Question 23

o What is NOT true about EE during ageing? (A) Total EE relative to lean body mass stays stable between the age of 20-60 (B) 100 year olds have a total EE of around 75% of middle-aged adults (C) Age-related declines in lean-mass-adjusted EE are mainly due to decreased physical activity

Answer 23

(C) Age-related declines in lean-mass-adjusted EE are mainly due to decreased physical activity

Question 24

o Ageing is the shrinking of the homeodynamic space = theory of

Answer 24

hormesis

Question 25

o Epigenetic clocks calculate biological age from data on

Answer 25

DNA methylation

Question 26

o Epigenetic alterations are reversible, true/false

Answer 26

True

Question 27

o What is not associated with low muscle mass? (A) low birth weight (B) diabetes type 2 (C) low vitamin D status (D) low protein intake (E) Intermediate type of protein division

Answer 27

E

Question 28

o Tick the two that are more likely to be degraded by ubiquitin-proteosome than autophagy
(A) larger proteins (B) smaller proteins (C) protein aggregates (D) misfolded proteins

Answer 28

(B), (D)

Question 29

o What is anti-cancer, pro-wound healing, anti-ageing when you are young, but pro-cancer and pro-ageing when you are old?

Answer 29

= cellular senescence

Question 30

o Which of these options is a senolytic? (A) P53 (B) FOXO4-DRI (C) IL-6 (D) Ursolic acid

Answer 30

(B) FOXO4-DRI