Lecture 8 Flashcards
What are senolytics? example?
class of drugs that selectively clear senescent cells (e.g. FOXO4-DRI)
> Transplanting small numbers of senescent cells … in younger mice
induces physical dysfunction
o Estimated muscle mass loss after 30?
3-8% per 10 years
o NOT a reason for muscle mass loss? (A) Decreased physical exercise (B) anabolic resistance (C) Decreased protein intake (D) Increased anabolic hormones
D
o What happens to testosterone levels after resistance exercise?
= increase
o Extra mTOR stimulation can be a result of increased X intake
protein
o What is not true about satellite cells? (A) Their functioning is dependent on the circulation (B) Their functioning is dependent on their microenvironment (niche) (C) No of satellite cells can only decrease (D) They can form new muscle fibers
C
o Net protein balance postprandial is neg/pos
positive (more synthesis than breakdown)
o Basal protein synthesis is affected by ageing
True/false
False, response is affected
o T2 muscle fibres are characterised by.. (A) fast twitch fibres & many mito’s (B) Slow twitch fibres & many mito’s (C) Fast twitch fibres & fewer mito’s (D) Slow twitch fibres & fewer mito’s
C
o During ageing, there is a loss of… (A) T1 fibre size (B) T2 fibre size (C) total no of fibres
B
No of satellite cells decreases with age true/false
true
o What was the proposed underlying mechanism in our study with the novel oral nutritional supplement?
Improved mito functioning
o Which compound was researched in this study?
Resveratrol (polyphenol), apparently?? Does he not mean ursolic acid? Resveratrol was never mentioned
o What outcomes can NOT be studied in muscle autopsy tissue? (Intermuscular fat infiltration, muscle protein synthesis, T2 fibre size, Satellite-cell content, DNA metylation, Mito functioning, gene expression)
Intermuscular fat infiltration
o What is true about resistance exercise? (A) There are responders and non-responders (B) It is always effective in increasing muscle health at later age (C) To be effective, resistance exercise needs to be combined with protein intake (D) It is more effective than HIIT in improving mito functioning
B
o What is NOT true about plant-based protein?
(A) Plant-based protein lead to a lower response in MPS compared to animal protein in both young and adult participants
(B) Plant-based proteins are less anabolic because they lack certain essential amino acids (C) Plant-based proteins are less anabolic because they are not fully absorbed in the digestive track
(D) Combining different plant-based protein sources can improve their digestibility
D
o What is true about vit D and muscle health? (A) intervention studies show more positive results than cross-sectional studies (B) Vitamin D, combined with protein, was found to be able to improve the effects of RET on intermuscular fat (C) Vitamin D is part of mito membranes and could therefore improve mito functioning
(B) Vitamin D, combined with protein, was found to be able to improve the effects of RET on intermuscular fat
o Stimulation of mTOR (A) decreased MPS (B) slows the ageing process (C) can be the result of elevated plasma leucine-concentrations (D) increases mito biogenesis
C can be the result of elevated plasma leucine-concentrations
o During breakfast, Dutch people on average eat (A) 0 gr (B) 5 gr (C) 10 gr (D) 25 gr of protein
C
o While we advice them to eat X protein during each meal moment (A) 15-20 gr (B) 25-30 gr (C) 0.8 g/kg (D) 1.0 g/kg
B
o During one week of bed rest, young people lose 150 gr of lean leg mass, while older adults lose.. (A) 340 g (B) 600 g (C) 1000 g (D) 3.4 kg
B
o What is NOT true about EE during ageing? (A) Total EE relative to lean body mass stays stable between the age of 20-60 (B) 100 year olds have a total EE of around 75% of middle-aged adults (C) Age-related declines in lean-mass-adjusted EE are mainly due to decreased physical activity
(C) Age-related declines in lean-mass-adjusted EE are mainly due to decreased physical activity
o Ageing is the shrinking of the homeodynamic space = theory of
hormesis
o Epigenetic clocks calculate biological age from data on
DNA methylation
o Epigenetic alterations are reversible, true/false
True
o What is not associated with low muscle mass? (A) low birth weight (B) diabetes type 2 (C) low vitamin D status (D) low protein intake (E) Intermediate type of protein division
E
o Tick the two that are more likely to be degraded by ubiquitin-proteosome than autophagy
(A) larger proteins (B) smaller proteins (C) protein aggregates (D) misfolded proteins
(B), (D)
o What is anti-cancer, pro-wound healing, anti-ageing when you are young, but pro-cancer and pro-ageing when you are old?
= cellular senescence
o Which of these options is a senolytic? (A) P53 (B) FOXO4-DRI (C) IL-6 (D) Ursolic acid
(B) FOXO4-DRI