Lecture Flashcards
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.
Epinephrine
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?
The heart
Eicosanoids do not include
hydrocortisones
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
humoral stimulation
Aldosterone ____________
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
enzyme
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
direct control of the nervous system
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
polycythemia
oxytocin ___________
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Which organ does not produce hormones?
spleen
The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.
aldosterone
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.
cortisol
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
bones and skeletal muscles
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.
cortisol
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.
parathyroid hormone
Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?
inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.
hypophyseal prtal system
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?
leptin
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
Addison’s disease is due to a insufficient output of glucocorticoids only.
false
Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
stimulates production of an action potential
Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction?
feedback
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
Select the incorrect statement regarding blood cell formation.
Platelets are formed from myeloblasts.
Which of the following is not a functional characteristic of WBCs?
granulosis
Which of the following statements does not describe blood?
Blood carriers body cells to injured areas for repair
The primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones.
false
All of the following conditions impair coagulation except ________.
vascular spasm
Which sequence is correct for the following events?
- fibrinogen → fibrin
- clot retraction
- formation of thromboplastin
- prothrombin → thrombin
3, 4, 1, 2
Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?
They are nucleated.
The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is ________.
hemoglobin F
The immediate response to blood vessel injury is clotting.
False
Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions involving white blood cells.
true
Which of the following is not a cause of bleeding disorders?
excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Which of the following is true about blood plasma?
It is about 90% water.
An individual who is blood type AB negative can ________.
receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen
The plasma protein that is the major contributor to osmotic pressure is ________.
albumin
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________.
pernicious anemia
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________.
monocytes
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?
kidney
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?
hemocytoblast
A person with type B blood could receive blood from a person with either type B or type O blood.
true
When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother?
if the father is Rh-
Blood volume restorers include all of the following except ________.
packed cells
Thromboembolic disorders ________.
include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system
Platelets ________.
stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break
Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes.
true
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?
hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________.
causing threshold to be reached more quickly
The condition where fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to contract is called ________.
cardiac tamponade
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________.
pump blood with greater pressure
During contraction of heart muscle cells ________.
some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________.
a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
As pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis, more ventricular pressure is required to open the aortic valve.
true
Commotio cordis is heart failure due to a ________.
relatively mild blow to the chest that occurs during a vulnerable interval (2 ms) when the heart is repolarizing
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
closure of the heart valves
Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart?
AV valve
The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________.
atrial depolarization
Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia is characterized by bursts of atrial contractions with little pause between them.
true
Isovolumetric contraction ________.
refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________.
has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium
If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________.
threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase
Select the correct statement about the heart valves.
The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.
Select the correct statement about cardiac output.
A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction
The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________.
pumps blood against a greater resistance
The tricuspid valve is closed ________.
when the ventricle is in systole
If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, ________.
tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart’s pumping action
Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall.
The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.
Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open?
Ventricles are in diastole.
Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate?
skin color
The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________.
angina pectoris
Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood during right ventricular systole?
pulmonary trunk
To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the ________.
second intercostal space to the right of the sternum
Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?
the vessel selected to palpate
The pulse pressure is ________.
systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
Factors that aid venous return include all except ________.
urinary output
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________.
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________.
arteriosclerosis
Peripheral resistance ________.
increases as blood viscosity increases
Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?
blood clotting
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?
170/96 in a 50-year-old man
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________.
shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ________.
sinusoids
Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________.
90/55
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________.
right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?
emotional state
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________.
muscular arteries
Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?
nitric acid
The velocity of blood flow is ________.
slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?
lungs
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable?
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
Select the correct statement about blood flow.
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?
tunica media
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?
changes in arterial pressure
Which statement best describes arteries?
All carry blood away from the heart.
If even a small part of the spleen is left in a ten-year-old child, it will most likely regenerate itself.
true
The simplest lymphoid organs are the lymph nodes.
false
The most important role of the spleen is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.
false
Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ________.
tonsil
Digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following except ________.
islets of Langerhans
Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart.
false
There are more efferent lymphatic vessels leaving a lymph node than there are afferent vessels entering a lymph node.
false
When tissues are inflamed, lymphatic capillaries develop openings that permit uptake of large particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells.
true
When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________.
severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb
Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure?
pancreas
Because lymph vessels are very low-pressure conduits, movements of adjacent tissues are important in propelling lymph through the lymphatics.
true
A sentinel node is ________.
the first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous
Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue.
Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue.
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________.
lingual tonsils
All the lymphoid organs are well developed before birth.
false
small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________.
lymph nodes
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
right lymphatic duct
Which of the following are functions of lymphoid tissue?
A and C
The thymus is most active during ________.
childhood
Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________.
plasma cells
Which cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones?
lymphocytes
The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not ________.
directly fight antigens
Lymph transport involves all but which of the following?
** thorax pressure changes during breathing**
Lymph capillaries are absent in all except which of the following?
bones and teeth
The lymphatic capillaries are ________.
as permeable as blood capillaries
The most important role of the spleen is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.
False
Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?
transporting respiratory gases
When tissues are inflamed, lymphatic capillaries develop openings that permit uptake of large particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells.
true
Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________.
efferent lymphatic vessels
Peyer’s patches are found in the ________.
ileum of the small intestine
If even a small part of the spleen is left in a ten-year-old child, it will most likely regenerate itself.
True
The simplest lymphoid organs are the lymph nodes.
False
The most important role of the spleen is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.
False
Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ________.
tonsil
Digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following except ________.
islets of Langerhans
Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart.
false
There are more efferent lymphatic vessels leaving a lymph node than there are afferent vessels entering a lymph node.
false
When tissues are inflamed, lymphatic capillaries develop openings that permit uptake of large particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells.
true
When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________.
severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb
Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure?
pancreas
The lymphatic capillaries are ________.
as permeable as blood capillaries
(wrong answer!)
Because lymph vessels are very low-pressure conduits, movements of adjacent tissues are important in propelling lymph through the lymphatics.
True
A sentinel node is ________.
the first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous
Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue.
Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue.
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________.
lingual tonsils
All the lymphoid organs are well developed before birth.
False
Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________.
lymph nodes
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
right lymphatic duct
Which of the following are functions of lymphoid tissue?
A & C
Lymph capillaries are absent in all except which of the following?
bones and teeth
(WRONG ANSWER!)
The thymus is most active during ________.
childhood
Which cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones?
lymphocytes
The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not ________.
directly fight antigens
Lymph transport involves all but which of the following?
thorax pressure changes during breathing
(wrong answer)
Fever ________.
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body’s thermostat to a higher setting
Select the correct statement about antigens.
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
allergic contact dermatitis
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?
chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
ype II diabetes
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?
NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities?
They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
Which of the following is not a type of T cell?
antigenic
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?
intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells
(WRONG ANSWER)
Which of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic infections?
Macrophages
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
phagocytes
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.
vasodilation
Regulatory T cells ________.
may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.
bone marrow
The primary immune response ________.
occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response
(WRONG ANSWER)
Interferons ________.
interfere with viral replication within cells
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________.
diapedesis
(WRONG ANSWER)
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?
Antigens only come from microbes.
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.
natural killer cells
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies.
Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?
enhancing phagocytosis
(WRONG ANSWER)
Natural killer (NK) cells ________.
are also called cytotoxic T cells
(WRONG ANSWER)
