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The disintegrated brain > Lecture 7 motor > Flashcards

Lecture 7 motor Flashcards

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1
Q

If a person is experiencing motor problems, what could possibly be the location of dysfunction?

A

Muscle, alpha motor neuron, spinal cord, cortex (PPC, PFC, PMC), basal ganglia, cerebellum

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of apraxia?

A

literally means without action but not paralysed

can’t imitate or perform actions in response to vocal instruction

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3
Q

What are the types of apraxia?

A

limb, oral (speech or muscle), constructional and apraxic agraphia

limb apraxia - a disorder of motor planning in the absense of impaired muscle control that affects voluntary positioning and sequencing of muscle movements of the limbs

oral apraxia - a child (typically a late talker) is unable to coordinate or initiate movement of their jaw, lips and tongue

constructional apraxia - inability to build, assemble or draw objects

apraxic agraphia - impairment in written lanugage production associated with disruption of the motor system

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4
Q

What is the cause of apraxia

A

parietal lobe lesions

limb - left frontal and parietal lesions

constructional - right parietal lobe lesions

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5
Q

What is the treatment of apraxia

A

physical/occupaitonal/speech therapy

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of ataxia

A

‘without coordination’

poor coordination, speech changes, unsteady walking/stumbling, swallowing difficulty

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7
Q

What are the causes of ataxia

A

cerebellar damage due to

alcohol abuse, strokes, tumors, multiple sclerosis, hereditary forms (eg. frederick’s), viruses (eg. chicken pox)

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8
Q

What are the treatment options for ataxia?

A

treatment/management

treating underlying cuase where possible

viral may reverse spontaneously

physical/speech/occupational therapy

devices to aid mobility when untreatable

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of parkinson’s disease?

A

muscle tremors, slow movements, rigidity

cognitive difficulties, memory loss, depression

loss of olfaction (early warning sign!)

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10
Q

What are the causes of ataxia

A

cerebellar (cerebellum, not cerebral!!!) damage due to

alcohol abuse, strokes, tumors, multiple sclerosis, hereditary forms (eg. frederick’s), viruses (eg. chicken pox)

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11
Q

Why russian music is the best for study today

A

it’s got the exotic vibe, cheerful and a little bit depressing

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12
Q

Describe the direct pathway and indirect pathyway

A

direct - cortex excites striatum, striatum inhibits globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra, thus reduce their inhibitory control on thalamus, thus thalamus runs crazy (pls review i’m not sure)

indirect pathway - cortex excites striatum inhibits globus pallidus external, releasing the inhititory effect, thus increasing the activity in subthalamic nucleus, subthalamic nucleus excites global pallidus and substantia nigra, which inhibits thalamus, reducing or stopping or do something to the movement?

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13
Q

What are some of the tricks to get over a specific feature of parkinson’s

A

Freezing gait - involuntary inability to move at unpredictable time because of what (does the thalamus ony control certain movement?)

tricks to avoid

marching, stepping with rhythmic music

stepping over an imiginary line in front of them

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14
Q

What are the treatment or management of parkinson’s disease

A

behavioural (exercise)

carbidopa-levodopa/dopamine agonists

mao-b inibitors (inhibits breakdown of dopamine)

deep brain stimulation (advanced disease)

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15
Q

What is the percentage of population that is asymptomatic when infected by polio?

Who are the most vulnerable

A

90-95%

most polio suffers are children under 6 months

however, post polio syndrome possible

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of polio

A

flu like symptoms - full recovery

non-paralytic (1%) - headache, pain, fever, vomiting, and irritability. full recovery

paralytic (0.5%) - muscle weakness/paralysis. some recover, some not at all

post-polio syndrome (25-50%) - weakness years after infection

17
Q

What is the cause of polio

A

viral infection spread through faeces-mouth

paralytic polio - virus attacks the spinal alpha motor neurons

18
Q

What ar ethe treatment options for polio

A

NONE

focus on prevention via vaccination

booster vaccination recommonded if travelling to active areas (afghan, pakistan, nigerai)

19
Q

What are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis

A

muscle weakness and fatigue, usually starting with head muscles (eyelids)

20
Q

What are the causes of myasthenia gravis

A

bodies’ own immune system creates antibodies that bind to the ach receptor

21
Q

What are the treatment options for myasthenia gravis

A

immunosuppressant to slow down antibody production

ach inhibitor to increase the time ach is present in neuromuscular junction (you mean reuptake?)

22
Q

What is anarchic hand

A

Alien hand syndrome is a rare disorder of involuntary, yet purposeful, hand movement

23
Q

What is the cause of anarchic hand

A

commonly caused by anterior cerebral artery strokes, midline tumors, and neurodegenerative ilnesses

frontal varient - groping movement: SMC, prefrontal cortex, corpus callosum involvement

posterior varient - levitating hand, withdrawal. PPC, thalamic, occipital lobe damage

24
Q

What are the symptoms of tourette syndrome

A

tics - rapic, repetitive and involuntary muscle movement and vocalisations

25
Q

Give examples of simple and complex tics

A

Simple - motor - eye link, head jerk, nose twitch, shrugging

vocal - grunts, sniffs, throad clearing, barking noise

complex
motor - jumping, twirling, pulling at clothes

vocal - words or phrases, corprolalia (involuntary swearing), echoalia (repeating other people’s words), palilalia (repeating one’s own words)

26
Q

What are the causes of tourett syndrome

A

unclear but

abnormal activity in the cortico-basal ganglia loops

genetics assumed

27
Q

What are the possible treatment options for tourette syndrome

A

mild - nothing

comorbid condition

problematic - haloperiodol, pimozide (both antipsychotic) deep brain stimulation

28
Q

What are the disorders often associated with tourette syndrome

A

adhd, ocd, anxiety

29
Q

What is psychogenic movement disorders

A

abnormal movements not attributable to an organic neurologic disorder

psychologically mediated (conversion disorder)

30
Q

What are the problems associated with diagnosing someone with psychogenic movement disorder

A

Many patients lack clear psychological distress and don’t velieve there is a psychological caue of abnormality

31
Q

How to treat psychogenic movement disoder

A

CBT

32
Q

Map the following disorder to the location of dysfunction

apraxia, parkinson’s disease, ataxia, polio, myasenthia gravis

A

apraxia - cortex

parkinson’s - substantia nigra

ataxia - cerebellum

polio - spinal cord

myasenthia gravis - muscle (local muscles, not in the cns!!!)

The disintegrated brain (13 decks)

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