Lecture 7: Introduction of Angiosperms

Question 1

Angiosperms are

Answer 1

flowering plants

Question 2

Angiosperms bear

Answer 2

seeds enclosed within an ovary (fruit)

Question 3

Angiosperms are diverse

Answer 3

250,000 species worldwide

Question 4

angiosperms: __% of all known species

Answer 4

90

Question 5

Angiosperms: Important for:

Answer 5

• food source (crops)
• commercial products (wood, rubber)
• Influence Earth’s climate (because theyre so abundant, taking in CO2 + releasing O2)

Question 6

Common features of Vegetative plant body

bottom to top

Answer 6

• Lateral roots
• Taproot
• Stem
• Axillary bud
• leaf
• vegetative shoot
• terminal bud
• internode
• node
• reproductive shoot (flower)

Question 7

Root system uses:

Answer 7

• Anchorage
• storage
• uptake
• taproot
  
  • plants store carbohydrate

Question 8

Shoot system:

Answer 8

• Angle between Petiole (stem leaf is on) & Stem = AXIL (buds here)
• 85% Cosexual, others monoecious and dioecious

Question 9

monoecious

Answer 9

• single home

- Male and female flowers on the same plant

Question 10

dioecious:

Answer 10

male and female on separate plants

Question 11

male -

Answer 11

stamen (anther + filament)

Question 12

female -

Answer 12

Pistil (stigma + style + ovary [ovule])

Question 13

sepal =

Answer 13

small leaves

Question 14

male & female parts and sepal all sit on

Answer 14

receptacle &peduncle

Question 15

the origin of Angiosperms:

Answer 15

“an abominable mystery”

Question 16

when did angiosperms arise?

Answer 16

early Cretaceous (145.5-99.6 Mya) -possibly earlier

Question 17

When did angiosperms dominate vegetation by?

Answer 17

93.6 MYA

Question 18

by the end of cretaceous what were present

Answer 18

modern groups of Angiosperms

Question 19

where did angiosperms come from? What was thought?

Answer 19

Gymnosperms (naked seed)

• Cycads - ‘tree ferns’
• Pteridosperms - the ‘seed ferns’

Question 20

where did angiosperms actually come from?

Answer 20

when looking at DNA and paleontological evidence this shows that they are actually a sister clade

Question 21

Angiosperms & gymnosperms linked by

Answer 21

common ancestor (unknown)

Question 22

Phylogeny of the angiosperms: originally thought

Answer 22

to be just 3:
-basal angiosperms
-monocots
-dicots 
but dicots and monocots split

Question 23

True phylogeny of angiosperms:

Answer 23

• Basal angiosperms
• Magnolids
• Monocots
• Ceratophyllales
• Eudicots

Question 24

% of species

• True dicots
• monocots
• Eudicots

Answer 24

• True dicots 2%
• monocots 23%
• Eudicots 75%

Question 25

Monocot vs. Eudicot | EXAMPLES

Answer 25

Monocot: Orchids, Palms, Grasses, lillies 65,000 species Eudicot: Roses, Daisies, Maples, Buttercup, Cacti 175,000 species

Question 26

Monocot vs. Eudicot | Cotyledons:

Answer 26

Monocot: 1 Eudicot: 2

Question 27

Monocot vs. Eudicot | Vascular tissue

Answer 27

Monocot: parallel Eudicot: Net (reticulated)

Question 28

Monocot vs. Eudicot | Stomata

Answer 28

Monocot: in lines. Equal both surfaces. Subsidary cells. Eudicot: Scattered. More on underside. No subsidiary cells.

Question 29

Monocot vs. Eudicot | Stem vasculature:

Answer 29

Monocot: In bundles throughout the stem Eudicot: Continous ring near surface

Question 30

Monocot vs. Eudicot | cambium

Answer 30

monocot: ABSENT Eudicot: PRESENT

Question 31

Monocot vs. Eudicot | Root system

Answer 31

monocot: Fibrous, adventitious (e.g. orchids roots out top of soil) eudicot: Taproot (plant often stores carbohydrates here)

Question 32

Monocot vs. Eudicot | flower structure

Answer 32

monocot: mulptiples of 3 parts (petals) eudicot: four or five parts (petals)

Question 33

Monocot vs. Eudicot | pollen grain

Answer 33

Monocot: monosulcate Eudicot: tricolpate

Question 34

what are cotyledons?

Answer 34

- seed leaves - formed in the seed - carry a food source for growing leaves - very different to 'true' leaves

Question 35

distribution of angiosperms:

Answer 35

- Occur everywhere except southern Antarctica - Woody and herbaceous forms dominate all land except: - Boreal forest - Juniper savannah - temperate forest

Question 36

- Boreal forest - Juniper savannah - temperate forest what are these dominated by?

Answer 36

GYMNOSPERMS

Question 37

Angiosperms have a ___range of habitats

Answer 37

diverse

Question 38

Angiosperms are in ____ ___ forms

Answer 38

many diverse. | e.g. monkey orchid, bat flower, corpse flower etc

Question 39

Angiosperms range in size

Answer 39

-smallest: Wolfia sp; Araceae <2mm -biggest flower: Rafflesia upto 1m Tallest: Eucalyptus regnans; Myrtaceae >100m

Question 40

Diverse seed types to aid..

Answer 40

dispersal!

Question 41

diverse..

Answer 41

``` root forms stem forms seeds size leaf shape habitat ```