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BIOSCI107 > Lecture 7: Harvesting Chemical Energy > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Harvesting Chemical Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochondria

A

ATP factory

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2
Q

ATP

A

ATP powers cellular work - it is our energy curreny

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3
Q

ATP (The hydrolosis)

A

The hydrolosis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate releases energy

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4
Q

Many cellular

A

Many cellular processes require energy in the form of ATP

They are not spontaneous

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

ATP cycle

A

transfer of energy between complex & simple molecules in the body, with ATP as the mediator

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7
Q

Fuel is needed to

A

generate ATP

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8
Q

3 major components of fuel

A

Carbohydrate: broken down to simple sugars

Proteins: broken down to amino acids

Fats: broken down to simple facts

which are then absorbed

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9
Q

Cellular respiration

A
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10
Q

The fate of glucose (diagram)

A
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11
Q

Cellular respiration

A

the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

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12
Q

Conversion of ATP is up to 4 steps

A

Glycosis
pyruvate oxidation
citric acid cycle (or krebs cycle)
oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

where does cellular respiration occur (diagram)

A
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14
Q

Glycolysis - step 1

A

invests and produces ATP - but not much

Occurs in the cutosol and Oxygen is not required

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15
Q

Glycosis steps

A

2 ATP are invested

4 ATP are produced

2 ATP and 2NADH are produced (net)

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16
Q

NADH

A

is an e- carrier later in the e- transport chain

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17
Q

The lysis of glucose to produce

A

2 pyruvate molecules

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18
Q

Pyruvate oxidation to form acetyl CoA - step 2

A

This step links glycosis to the citric acid cyle

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19
Q

functions of step 2

A

no ATP, but produces 1 NADH per pyruvate (or 2 per glucose) plus CO2.

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20
Q

step 2 - the 2

A

The 2 carbon acetyl CoA mlecule is able to enter the citric acid cycle

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21
Q

step 2 - occurs

A

occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and oxygen IS required

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22
Q

Step 3 - citric acid cycle (occurs)

A

occurs in the miochondiral matrix

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23
Q

Step 3 - citric acid cycle (results in)

A

2 ATP
6 NADH

requires oxygen - aerobic process

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24
Q

Step 3 - citric acid cycle (results in)

A

2 FADH2
4CO2

(per glucose molecule)

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25
Step 3 - citric acid cycle (FADH2 & NADH)
FADH2 & NADH are e- donors in the e- transport chain
26
Citric acid cycles intermediates
Citric acid cycles intermediates are used in other metabolic pathways
27
Citric acid cycles (a series)
a series of reactions: product of one reaction is the substrate for the next
28
Citric acid cycles (the citric acid)
the citric acid cycle completes the extraction of energy from glucose
29
Substrate phosphorylation (ATP generated)
ATP generated by direct transfer (from a substrate) of a phosphate group to ADP
30
Substrate phosphorylation (glycolysis)
glycolysis and citric acid cycle make ATP via substrate phosphorylation
31
oxidative phosphorylation
ATP is generated from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 and the subsequent transfer of e- and pumping protons
32
Step 4: the e- transport chain
occurs at proteins within the inner membrane Require oxygen - it is an aerobic process
33
Step 4 - NADH & FADH2
NADH & FADH2 are oxidized to donate e-
34
Step 4: e- transfer
e- transfer from protein-to-protein along the chain in a series of redox reactions
35
Step 4: at each transfer
at each transfer, each e- gives up a small amount of energy which enables H+ ions to be pumped into the intermembrane space
36
Step 4: oxygen
Oxygen pulls the e- down the chain, and is then the final e- acceptor where it is reduced to water
37
Step 4: NADH and FADH2 from
NADH and FADH2 from glycosis and the citric acid cycle are used
38
Step 4: chemiosmosis (the Hydrogen ions)
the Hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space rush down their concentration gradient (chemiosmosis) through ATP synthase.
39
Step 4: chemiosmosis (This causes)
This causes the "turbine" within ATP synthase to turn
40
Step 4: chemiosmosis (The rotation)
The rotation of the ATP synthase turbine enables the phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP
41
Step 4: chemiosmosis (This results)
This results in the production of 26 or 28 ATP (per glucose)
42
Step 4: ETC and chemiosmosis = oxidative phosphorylation (the bulk)
the bulk of ATP production is here
43
Step 4: ETC and chemiosmosis = oxidative phosphorylation
This is much more efficient than substrate phosphorylation Oxygen is required
44
Step 4: ETC and chemiosmosis = oxidative phosphorylation (oxygen is)
Oxygen is the final e- acceptor - cyanide blocks passage of e- to O2 = death of cell
45
Step 4: ETC and chemiosmosis = oxidative phosphorylation
"fall” of electrons down the chain enables movement of H+ ions into intermembrane space and generates a proton gradient which “drives” the ATP synthase turbine
46
WATCH BioFlix cellular respiration video - EXAMINABLE
~10 million ATPs produced per second in one cell via cellular respiration
47
Cellular respiration
is versatile
48
Cellular respiration (we can drive)
we can drive energy from more than just glucose
49
Cellular respiration (fats, proteins)
fats, proteins and more complex carbohydrates generate ATP also
50
Cellular respiration (Monomer)
Monomer enter glycosis and the citric acud cycle at different points
51
Phosphofructokinase
is the "gate keeper" for glycolysis; it catalyses step 3 - where glycolysis becomes irreversible
52
Phosphofructokinase (inhibited)
inhibited by citrate and ATP ie. product of cellular respiration
53
Phosphofructokinase (stimulated)
by AMP AMP accumalates when ATP is being used rapidly
54
Homeostasis
55
Insulin (produced)
Produced by beta cells of islets of langerhands in pancreas
56
Insulin (promoted)
function: promoted glucose uptake into cells (for ATP production/storage in liver)
57
Glucagon (produced)
produced by alpha cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas
58
Glucagon (function)
function: stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to increase blood sugar levels
59
islets
endocrine, prod hormones
60
What happens if you lose the function of insulin
No glucose in cells No ATP from glucose No glycogen stored for harder times
61
diabetes mellitus: (the ability)
the ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired
62
diabetes mellitus: (results)
results in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood
63
Type 1/insulin-dependent diabetes: (body does not)
Body does not produce insulin, as beta cells of pancreas are destroyed, often this is autoimmune, or genetic or through environmental factors
64
Type 1/insulin-dependent diabetes: (affects, requires)
Affects 5 – 10 % of diabetics, and onset usually occurs in children or adolescents. Requires insulin replacement
65
Type 2 or non-insulin-dependent diabetes: (body, most)
Body produces insulin, but receptors are non functional (insulin resistance) Most (>90%) diabetics are Type II, usually adults over the age of 40
66
Type 2 or non-insulin-dependent diabetes: (can)
Can be linked to other pathologies and obesity
67
contradictory symptoms
Diabetes mellitus is caused by a lack of functional insulin.
68
contradictory symptoms (as a result)
As a result, levels of glucose in the blood build up, well beyond normal homeostatic limits.
69
contradictory symptoms (increased)
Increased blood glucose alters the volume and osmolarity of blood, with subsequent pathological consequences.
70
contradictory symptoms (these 2 symptoms)
these 2 symptoms seem to be in opposition to each other: if the patient is constantly hungry and eating, why would they then lose weight?
70
contradictory symptoms (2 symptoms are)
significant weight loss significant increased hunger

BIOSCI107 (9 decks)

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