Lecture 1: Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards
Name the Structural Organisation of the Human Body
- Chemical Level
- Cellular Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- System Level
- Organism Level
Chemical Level
The building blocks of the body
eg; atoms.
Cellular Level
Basic structural and functional units of the body (~200 types)
eg; cardiac muscle cells
Tissue Level
Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function.
4 major classes: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve
Organ Level
Organs are structures with specific functions composed of two or more types of tissue
System Level
A system consists of related organs with a common function.
Organismal Level
All the parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism
Name the 11 Body Systems
MURDERS LINC
Muscular
Urinary
Respiration
Digestive
Endocrine
Reproductive
Skeletal
Lymphatic (and immune)
Integumentary
Nervous
Cardiovascular
What are the Integumantary System Organ structures
A. Epidermis
B. Dermis (Hair follicles, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors)
C. Hypodermis
Epidermis
Protects: covers surface;
Protects: deeper tissues;
Produces: Vitamin D
Dermis
“Feeds” epidermis; strengths; glands
Hair follicles
Sensation from innervation
Hairs
Protection
Sebaceous glands
Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
Sweat glands
(Breast tissue is modified sweat gland)
Thermoregulation: Evaporative cooling (sweat)
Nails
(epidermis and dermis)
stiffen and protect digits
Sensory receptors
Detects sensations: Touch; pressure, temperature, pain
Hypodermis
Fat stores; attaches skin to deeper layers
What are the Muscular System (=skeletal) organ structures
- Skeletal Muscles
1a. Axial muscles
1b. Appendicular muscles
Tendons and aponeuroses
Skeletal muscles
Skeletal movement
Control entrances and exits: digestive, respiratory and urinary systems
Produce heat: shivering
Support: skeleton
Protect: soft tissues
Axial Muscles
Provides support and positioning of the axial skeleton
Appendicular muscles
Support and move limbs
Tendons and aponeuroses
Translate contractile forces into tasks (e.g. flexion, extension)
Tendon – fibrous rope-like connections between muscle to bone
Aponeuroses – sheet-like; most often muscle to muscle connection; also to bone
What are the different organs for skeletal system
- Bones, joints, cartilage and ligament
1a. Axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilages, ligaments)
1b. Appendicular skeleton (limb bones, supporting cartilages & ligaments
Bone
Bone marrow
a. red
b. Yellow
Bones, joints, cartilage and ligaments
Cartilage: bone interfaces (blue)
Types: hyaline (ribs, joints); fibro- (discs)
Axial Skeleton
Protects the brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of the thorax.
Supports body weight over lower limbs.
Appendicular skeleton
Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton
Bone
Stores minerals
Bone Marrow (red)
Red blood cell production (flat bones (pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs; lose some of this with aging)
Bone marrow (yellow)
Stores of fat cells (found medullary cavity of long bones; gain with aging; yellow to red after major bleeding)
What are the different organ structures of the nervous system
- Central Nervous system (CNS)
1a. Brain
1b. Spinal Cord
1c. Special senses (also considerded part of PNS except optic nerve which is CNS)
Periperhral Nervous System (PNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Control center
Short term control over other systems
Brain
Complex integrative activities
Controls voluntary and involuntary activities
Spinal Cord
Relays information to and from brain Performs less complex integrative activities (reflex arc)
Special Senses
Sensory input to brain relating to sight, hearing, smell and taste and equilibrium
Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)
Links the CNS with other systems and sense organs
What are the different organs for Endocrine system
- Pineal gland
- Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Thymus
- Adrenal glands
- Kidneys
- Pancreas
- Gonads
Pineal gland
Day-night rhythms (Melatonin)
Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland
Controls many other endocrine glands
Regulates growth
Fluid balance
Thyroid gland
Metabolic rate (Thyroxine)
Parathyroid gland
Calcium levels
Thymus
Maturation of lymphocytes
Adrenal glands
Water and mineral balance (e.g., aldosterone)
Tissue metabolism (cortisol)
Cardiovascular and respiratory function (adrenaline)
Kidneys
(due to major hormone-producing cells) –
Red blood cell production
Increases blood pressure
calcium levels
Pancreas
Glucose control
Gonads
Sexual characteristics and reproduction
What are the organ levels of the lymphatic system
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymphatic fluid
- B cells and T cells
- Lymph nodes including tonsils
- Spleen
- Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
Contractile vessels. Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of CV system
Lymphatic fluid
Lipids (fats and fatty acids) from gut;
Fluid from tissues.
B cells and T cells
Cells that carry out immune responses.
Lymph nodes including tonsils
Monitor composition of lymph
Defence: Engulf pathogens Stimulate immune response (e.g. lymphadenopathy)
Spleen
Monitors circulation blood cells
Engulfs pathogens
Recycle red blood cells
Produces immune responses
Like a large lymph node
Thymus
Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes
What are the different organs of the cardiovascular system
Heart
Blood Vessels (arteries capillaries veins)
Blood
Heart
Propels blood and maintains blood pressure.
Arteries
Conduits: From heart to capillaries
Capillaries
Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
Veins
Return blood from capillaries to heart
Blood
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Transport nutrients and hormones
Remove waste
Temperature regulation
Defence against illness (immune cells)
Acid-base balance (-HCO3)
What are the organ levels for the respiratory system
- Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Diaphragm
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
Filter, warm, and humidify air and detect smells
Pharynx
Conducts air to larynx
Larynx
Protects opening to trachea
Vocal cords for vocalisation
Trachea
Conducts air
(Cartilage keeps it open)
Bronchi
Conducts air between trachea and lungs
Lungs
Air movement
Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli
Acid-base control
Diaphragm
Muscle for air movement
What are the organ levels for the digestive system
- Oral cavity
- Salivary glands
- Pharynx
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
- Large intestine and Anus
Oral cavity
Breaks up food working with teeth and tongue
Salivary glands
Buffers and lubricant
Enzymes that begin digestion
Pharynx
Solid food and liquids to the oesophagus
Chamber shared with the respiratory system
Oesophagus
Deliver food to the stomach
Stomach
Secretes acid
Enzymes
Hormones
Small intestine
Digestive enzymes
Buffers and hormones
Absorbs nutrients
Liver
Secretes bile
Regulates nutrients in blood
Gallbladder
Concentrates bile
Pancreas
Digestive enzymes
Buffers
Endocrine cells
Large intestine and Anus
Water removal
Waste storage and removal
What are the organ systems for the urinary system
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
Kidneys
Forms and concentrates urine
Regulate pH and ions
Blood volume & blood pressure
Endocrine function (assists in production of blood cells and mineral balance)
Ureters
Conducts urine to bladder
Bladder
Stores urine prior to elimination
Urethra
Conducts urine to exterior
EPO
Erythropoietin (EPO): a glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in kidney
It promotes erythropoiesis in bone marrow.
The increased activity of Hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cell) causes more RBC production
This allows the blood to have a greater carrying capacity for oxygen.
Reproductive system - male
name all the organs
- Testes
- Accessory organs
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens
- Seminal glands
- Prostate gland
- Urethra
- External genitalia
- Penis
- Scrotum
Testes
Produce sperm
Also produces hormones (In endocrine system as well).
Accessory organs
Epididymis → Sperm maturation
Ductus deferens → Sperm from epididymis
Seminal glands → Seminal fluid
Prostate gland → Seminal fluid
Urethra → Sperm to exterior
External genitalia
Penis
Scrotum
Reproduction and thermal control of testes
Name all female reproductive organs
- Ovaries
- Uterine tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina and external genitalia
- Mammary glands
Ovaries
Oocytes and hormones (In endocrine system as well).
Uterine tubes
Delivery oocyte
Location of fertilisation
Uterus
Embryonic development
Vagina and external genitalia
Lubrication
Sperm reception
Birth canal
Mammary glands
Nutrition for newborn
(This is a modified sweat gland and so also part of the integumentary system)
Epithelial
Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities and ducts; forms glands
Protection; filtration; secretion; absorption; excretion
Connective
Cells in a matrix of fibres and ground substance (includes bone and blood)
Protects and supports; binds organs together; stores energy; transport (blood)
Muscle
Contractile cells (muscle fibres)
Movement
Nervous
Conducting nerve cells and supportive neuroglia
Detects changes and generates nerve impulses
