Lecture 7: Habitat Fragmentation, Degradation, and Landscape Change Flashcards

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1
Q

Habitat Fragmentation

A

the breaking apart of continuous habitat into distinct pieces.

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2
Q

Case Study: (MacArthur -Wilson - Simberloff) Island Biogeography

A

experimental defaunation
1. Take initial census of all terrestrial arthropods on 4 islands.
2. Use insecticide to kill of arthropod species
3. Take census every month to monitor recolonization.
Result: large island + close to mainland = many species
small island + far from mainland = few species

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3
Q

Patterns of Island Biodiversity

A
  • large islands support more species than small
  • island close to mainland support more species
  • Archipelago Islands support more species than lone
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4
Q

Minimum Viable Population (MVP)

A

the minimum population size needed to:

  • retain 90% of genetic diversity of the species for 200 yrs
  • have 95% confidence of species survival for 100 yrs
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5
Q

Minimum Viable Area (MVA)

A
  • the area needed to sustain an MVP
  • increases with increasing body size of species (larger animals need more food, more area, etc.)
  • depends on species tropic levels and requirements
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6
Q

Consequences of Fragmentation

A
  • increased edge effects
  • microclimate changes
  • division of populations
  • increased potential for disease
  • restricted access to food and mates
  • changes to interspecies interactions
  • limits to dispersal/colonization
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7
Q

Edge Effects

A

ecological effects resulting from proximity to the edge of a habitat or transition between habitats.
Including:
-Abiotic Changes: increased isolation, temperature, wind, drying, etc.
-Biotic Changes: change in species composition, abundance, behavior, interactions, etc.

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8
Q

Edge Species

A

species associated with high densities in edge or transition habitats.
-ex: deer, raccoons, domestic cats, cowbirds

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9
Q

Landscape Change

A

the combined effects to fragmentation, degradation, and land use conversion on a broad scale.

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10
Q

Landscape Ecology

A

interdisciplinary science of studying and improving ecological processes and relationships at the landscape scale.

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11
Q

4 Stages of Landscape Change

A
  1. Intact Landscape - most original vegetation remains with little or no modification
  2. Variegated Landscape - Dominated by the original vegetation, but with modification
  3. Fragmented Landscape - Original Vegetation fragments are a minor component in landscape dominated by other land uses.
  4. Relict Landscape - <10% of original vegetation remains, with highly modified surroundings.
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