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Anatomy Exam 3 > Lecture 7 : Gastrointestinal System I : Overview, Ingestion, and Swallowing > Flashcards

Lecture 7 : Gastrointestinal System I : Overview, Ingestion, and Swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the digestive system include two groups :

A

the alimentary canal & accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

Digestive System =

A

Gastrointestinal System =“Gut”

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3
Q

Alimentary Canal =

A

Gastrointestinal tract = GI tract = Gut tube

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4
Q

Inside the tube (lumen) is outside the body – food passes through the _______ organs during digestive activity.

A

alimentary canal

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5
Q

________ provide chewing, enzymes and buffers that assist in mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.

A

Accessory organs

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6
Q

Six (6) essential digestive functions and processes :

A

Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical breakdown
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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7
Q

Ingestion

A

taking in food and water via the mouth

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8
Q

Propulsion

A

movement of food/water by swallowing (voluntary) or peristalsis (alternating waves of contraction of smooth muscle)

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9
Q

Mechanical breakdown

A

increases surface area of food, preparing for chemical digestion by enzymes:

In mouth: chewing, tongue mix food with saliva

Churning: pummeling of food in stomach

Segmentation: back and forth movement in SI

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10
Q

Digestion

A

enzymes secreted into lumen break food into chemical building blocks (catabolic process)

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11
Q

Absorption

A

movement of nutrients from lumen to blood or lymph

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12
Q

Defecation

A

elimination of solid waste (feces): indigestible substances and metabolic wastes

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13
Q

endocrine & exocrine ____ will aid in digestive processes

A

gland secretions

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14
Q

GI _____ moves food in an _____ direction and facilitates mixing

A

Motility

aboral

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15
Q

Aboral =

A

from mouth to anus

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16
Q

Motility (movement) due to smooth muscle layers of the muscularis externa

Two types of movement:

A
  1. Peristalsis:
    mostly propulsive (forward movement)
  2. Segmentation:
    mostly for mixing and mechanical breakdown
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17
Q

The _____ is the Serous Membrane in the Abdominal Cavity

A

Peritoneum

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18
Q

Peritoneum:

A

slippery, continuous serous membrane sac

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19
Q

_______ – lines the inner surface of the body wall

A

Parietal peritoneum

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20
Q

_________ - lines the surface of digestive organs

A

Visceral peritoneum

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21
Q

___________– fluid filled potential space between the peritoneal layers (sterile space)

A

Peritoneal cavity

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22
Q

_____ organs are surrounded or suspended by peritoneum

A

Intraperitoneal

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23
Q

_______ lie posterior to peritoneum

A

Retroperitoneal organs

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24
Q

Most digestive organs are intraperitoneal and are suspended from the body wall by a _____

A

dorsal mesentery

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25
Q

some intraperitoneal digestive organs are also suspended from the wall by _____

A

ventral mesenteries

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26
Q

some digestive organs are _____ because they have lost their mesentery during development

A

retroperitoneal

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27
Q

______ are folds of peritoneum that suspend organs in abdomen

A

Mesenteries

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28
Q

Abdominal cavity is completely lined by _____

A

parietal peritoneum

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29
Q

______ is sterile space with slippery fluid

A

Peritoneal cavity

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30
Q

Functions of Mesenteries

A

Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to reach the abdominal viscera

Hold the organs in place – highly organized

Store fat

Create channels and spaces in which infections can travel
>Endometriosis
> ovarian cancer

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31
Q

_______ attach to the stomach

A

Greater and Lesser Omentum

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32
Q

The Mesentery
Small intestine

A

Mesocolon for parts of large intestine (colon)

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33
Q

The alimentary canal (GI tract) wall has four (4) layers

A

(Innermost) : Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis Externa

Adventitia/Serosa

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34
Q

Mucosa

A

innermost layer of the alimentary canal

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35
Q

Mucosa (has 3 layers)

A

Epithelium – usually simple columnar; rich in mucous secreting cells

Lamina propria – loose areolar connective tissue with lymphoid follicles (MALT)

Muscularis mucosa – thin smooth muscle layer

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36
Q

Functions of Mucosa:

A

Secrete mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones

Absorb the end products of digestion into the blood

Protect against infectious disease this is the protective barrier of the alimentary canal

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37
Q

Submucosa :

A

Connective tissue between mucosa and muscularis externa

Areolar connective tissue with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, nerve fibers, glands; location of submucosal plexus

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38
Q

Muscularis Externa :

A

Major smooth muscle layer of the alimentary canal

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39
Q

Muscularis Externa (2 layers)

A

Inner circular smooth muscle

Outer longitudinal smooth muscle

stomach has 3 layers

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40
Q

Muscularis Externa
Function:

A

Segmentation & peristalsis

Churning actions of stomach

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41
Q

Muscularis Externa
Other facts:

A

myenteric nerve plexus between muscle layers

Inner circular smooth muscle can contribute to sphincters

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42
Q

Outermost layer :

A

Serosa or Adventitia

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43
Q

Serosa (visceral peritoneum)

A

Areolar connective tissue with mesothelium (simple epithelium

44
Q

Adventitia (if no peritoneum)

A

Dense connective tissue

45
Q

Digestive system activities are controlled by the __________

A

nervous and endocrine systems

46
Q

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

A

consists of neurons wall of the gut which are involved in local reflexes

47
Q

Nerves of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems innervate the _____

A

enteric neurons of the digestive tract (involved in long reflexes).

48
Q

Autonomic nerves also carry sensory feedback from _____

A

GI organs to CNS.

49
Q

The ANS, ENS and GI hormones control GI organs and _______ of the digestive system

A

coordinate motility and secretions

50
Q

______ resides in wall of GI tract

A

Enteric Nervous System

51
Q

Enteric Nervous System =

A

“Third Division” of ANS

consists of Intrinsic Nerve Plexuses (ganglia plus networks of nerves)

52
Q

Myenteric Plexus :

A

Between layers in muscularis externa

53
Q

Submucosal Plexus :

A

In submucosa layer

54
Q

Enteric Nervous System Controls local _____ reflexes

A

gut

55
Q

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

Neurons arranged in ____ within wall of GI tract

A

ganglia

56
Q

Ganglia and axons form intrinsic nerve plexuses:

A

submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus

57
Q

Respond to stimuli within GI tract – mediate _____ that regulate digestive system activity

A

short reflexes

58
Q

Pacemaker cells:

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

modified smooth muscle cells that act like pacemakers

Intermediary between intrinsic nerve plexus and smooth muscle

59
Q

_______ control GI smooth muscle and glands

A

Short reflexes (ENS), Long reflexes (ANS) and hormones

60
Q

_____ reflexes promote digestive system activity:

A

Long and short

Motility : muscle contraction

Secretion of digestive juices or hormones

61
Q

Stimuli: Digestive activity is provoked by range of mechanical and chemical stimuli

A

stretch of wall by food in lumen

changes in osmolarity (solute concentration)

pH of contents and end products of digestion

CNS regulation of GI activity in response to sights, smells, thoughts, anxiety, fear

62
Q

Effectors : digestive activity is affected by the action of smooth muscle and glands.

A

stimulate smooth muscle in walls of GI tract to increase motility (mixing and propulsion)

activate or inhibit glands that secrete digestive juices into lumen or hormones into blood

63
Q

Digestive activity is controlled by:

A

intrinsic nervous controls (short reflexes within ENS)

extrinsic nervous controls (long reflexes via ANS)

64
Q

Enteroendocrine cells :

A

hormone producing cells within the gut wall

release their hormones into interstitial fluid in extracellular space

enter the blood and are distributed to target cells in the same organ or different organs where they affect secretion or contraction

65
Q

Autonomic Nerves travel to GI tract in ____

A

Mesenteries

66
Q

Blood supply through 3 branches of :

A

abdominal aorta

67
Q

Parasympathetic innervation through:

A

vagus nerve and sacral spinal levels

68
Q

Sympathetic innervation from :

A

thoracic levels

69
Q

The oral cavity performs :

A

ingestion, mechanical breakdown, digestion and propulsion

70
Q

Epithelium of the Oral Cavity:

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (wear and tear)

71
Q

Tonsils :

A

Palatine and lingual tonsils provide immune defense

72
Q

____________ involved in mastication and manipulation of food.

A

Teeth, tongue and hard palate

73
Q

___________ block nasopharynx during swallowing

A

Soft palate and uvula

74
Q

_____ contain skeletal muscles to control muscles of palate and pharynx.

A

“Arches”

75
Q

The tongue aids in:

A

chewing, initiates swallowing and aids in speech

76
Q

Tongue:

A

Interlacing bundles of skeletal muscle

Mix food with saliva to produce a bolus

Articulation: form sounds during speech

Taste buds located on sides of papillae; contain taste cells

77
Q

Salivary glands secrete saliva which is delivered to ____ through ducts

A

oral cavity

78
Q

Why Saliva?

A

Cleanse the mouth (prevent tooth decay)

Dissolve food chemicals – taste

Moistens food to help compact the bolus

Begin digestion of starch by enzyme amylase

79
Q

What is Saliva?

A

Mostly water – 97 to 99%

Electrolytes

Digestive enzymes (amylase & lipase)

Proteins mucin, lysozyme, and IgA

Metabolic wastes

80
Q

____ input increases salivation (watery, enzyme rich)

A

Parasympathetic

81
Q

_____ input decreases salivation: stimulate mucous secretion (dry mouth), constrict blood vessels

A

Sympathetic

82
Q

Salivary output ______

A

1.5 Liters per day or more

83
Q

The Pharynx provides a common pathway for :

A

food, fluids and air

84
Q

Mucosa of the Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx contains ______ (continuous with the oral cavity)

A

stratified squamous epithelium

85
Q

______ contains skeletal muscle
Longitudinal and circular layers

A

Muscularis externa

86
Q

The pharynx is involved in propulsion of food:

A

swallowing – a voluntary activity that also has some involuntary aspects (coordination).

87
Q

The Esophagus propels food from the laryngopharynx to the :

A

stomach

88
Q

Mucosa of esophagus contains ____________ (continuous with the oral cavity)

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Transition to simple columnar near stomach

89
Q

_____ contains esophageal glands (mucus-secreting for lubrication)

A

Submucosa

90
Q

Muscularis externa contains _____ in the upper third, _____ in middle third,________ in inferior third – role in peristalsis – propel food to stomach

A

skeletal muscle

skeletal/smooth

smooth muscle

91
Q

Adventitia –

A

dense CT, no serous layer

92
Q

esophagus lies posterior to the ____

A

trachea

93
Q

______ blocks the opening of the larynx to divert food into the esophagus

A

epiglottis

94
Q

There is a ____ at each end of the esophagus

A

sphincter

95
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter –

A

skeletal muscle

prevents passage of air into esophagus while breathing

96
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)-

A

(also called gastroesophageal sphincter)

smooth muscle

prevents reflux of stomach contents into esophagus – thickening of smooth muscle that is reinforced by diaphragm

97
Q

Issues of lower esophageal sphincter :

A

GERD

Achalasia

98
Q

GERD =

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease – acid reflux from stomach inflames epithelium and esophagus wall

99
Q

Achalasia –

A

difficulty opening LES sphincter, or weakness of peristalsis – failure of myenteric plexus coordination?

100
Q

_____ = Swallowing

A

Deglutition

We swallow 600 times per day!

101
Q

Dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

Can be due to nervous system or muscular system issue

102
Q

Oral phase: voluntary

A

Tongue pushes bolus back

Sensory receptors in pharynx initiate next phase

103
Q

Swallowing : Pharyngeal-Esophageal phase

A

Nasopharynx blocked by soft palate

Larynx rises, epiglottis blocks airway

Coordinated by brainstem centers and cranial nerves

104
Q

(Propulsion of food into Esophagus)

Continuation of pharyngeal-esophageal phase (involuntary):

A

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles push food into upper esophagus

Peristalsis will take over in esophagus

105
Q

Propulsion through Esophagus: Peristalsis

A

Alternating waves of muscle push food through esophagus – peristalsis

Muscle transition : Upper 1/3 esophagus is skeletal muscle, Middle 1/3 is skeletal + smooth mixed, Lower 1/3 is smooth

Anatomy Exam 3 (11 decks)

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