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Anatomy Exam 3 > Lecture 1 : Body Fluids and Urinary System Overview > Flashcards

Lecture 1 : Body Fluids and Urinary System Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Functions for survival

A

Maintaining Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance is critical for survival

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2
Q

The human body is composed of ___ and _____ components

A

solid
liquid

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3
Q

Body water composition

A

differs between men and women, and according to age and relative amount of body fat.

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4
Q

Body water composition of:
Infants -
Healthy young men -
Healthy young women -
Elderly -

A

Infants ~73% water
Healthy young men ~60% water
Healthy young women ~50% water
Elderly ~45% water

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5
Q

Tissues - water composition

A

Adipose tissue least hydrated (<20% water)
skeletal muscle (~75% water)

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6
Q

___ and ___ make up most solid components of the body

A

Proteins
lipids

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7
Q

Two main fluid compartments in the human body

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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8
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

compartment (approx. 2/3)

all the fluid within the body’s cells

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9
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

compartment (approx. 1/3)

Plasma – liquid part of blood

Interstitial fluid (IF) – in spaces between cells

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10
Q

Other fluids considered part of ECF:

A

Lymph
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
synovial fluid
aqueous and vitreous humors

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11
Q

Water serves as the ______ in which different solutes are dissolved.

A

universal solvent

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12
Q

All Body fluids consist of _____ and solutes

A

water (solvent)

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13
Q

Solutes are ______ or ______

A

electrolytes
nonelectrolytes

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14
Q

Electrolytes

A

dissociate into ions in water.
Ions are charged so can conduct electricity

(salts, acids, bases, some proteins)

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15
Q

Nonelectrolytes

A

usually formed by covalent bonds, so don’t dissociate

Compounds are not charged

(glucose, lipids, urea, creatinine)

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16
Q

water moves according to osmotic gradients

A

All dissolved solutes (particles) contribute to osmotic activity of a fluid:

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17
Q

_____ have greater osmotic power

A

electrolytes

they dissociate into multiple particles while nonelectrolytes contribute only one particle.

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18
Q

Electrolyte concentrations in the body are expressed as ________which takes into consideration charge of each ion

A

milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)

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19
Q

Electrolytes are unevenly distributed between _____, ____ and ______

A

plasma
interstitial fluid
intracellular fluid

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20
Q

Na+, and Cl- high in ____

K+ and protein anions high in ____
Activity of _____ pumps keep Na+ and K+ separate

A

ECF
ICF
Na-K ATPase

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21
Q

Weak bases part of buffering system

A

Bicarbonate
Hydrogen phosphate

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22
Q

Fluid movement between compartments is constant and depends on _____ and _____ pressures

A

osmotic
hydrostatic

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23
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure of fluid in a system (like a capillary)

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24
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

measure of the tendency of a solvent to move into a more concentrated solution

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25
Q

Water moves according to osmotic gradients:

A

from an area of lesser osmolality to an area of greater osmolalit

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26
Q

Solute distributions vary in different compartments because of

A

size, charge or transport proteins.

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27
Q

Anything that changes solute concentration in a compartment leads to water movement:

A

Water follows solutes! Almost always!

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28
Q

Osmosis occurs in most cells because they have an abundance of _____ in their plasma membrane

A

aquaporins

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29
Q

_____ generally moves freely between compartments, however ____often depend on transport proteins

A

Water (solvent)
solutes (ions, glucose, etc.)

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30
Q

Exchange between plasma and IF occurs across _____

A

capillaries (balance of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure)

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31
Q

Exchange between IF and ICF occurs across ______

A

cell membranes – depends on membrane permeability (channels) and transporters

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32
Q

Because water moves freely between compartments: the osmolality of all body fluids _____

A

is equal

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33
Q

ECF solute concentration determines _____

A

ICF volume

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34
Q

If NaCl in ECF high, water ____ cells.

A

leaves

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35
Q

If ECF osmolality low, water ____ cells.

A

enters

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36
Q

Healthy people maintain osmolality of body fluids within narrow range ____

A

(280-300 mOsm)

37
Q

Water balance is maintained by:

A

1)Thirst mechanism
2)Blood volume/pressure
3)Antidiuretic hormone
4)Electrolyte balance
5)Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
6)Atrial natriuretic peptide

38
Q

Dehydration leads to :

A

↑ osmolality in ECF, dry mouth:
Stimulates thirst and activates hormonal systems working at the kidney to conserve water

39
Q

Overhydration leads to:

A

decreases inputs to thirst center

40
Q

____ is most abundant cation in ECF

A

Sodium

41
Q

Regulation of Sodium Balance

A

Only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure

Controls ECF volume and water distribution because water follows salt

42
Q

Changes in Na+ levels affect :

A

affect plasma volume, blood pressure, and ICF and IF volumes

43
Q

_____ is a major strategy in control of blood pressure

A

Regulating dietary sodium intake

44
Q

Blood and tissue pH is maintained over a very small range:

A

Normal arterial pH 7.35-7.45

45
Q

Hydrogen ion =

A

H+ = proton

46
Q

each digit jump in pH represents :

A

10-fold change in hydrogen ion concentration

47
Q

Kidneys regulate _____ and the ______

A

total volume of water in the body

total concentration of solutes (osmolality)

48
Q

kidneys regulate the concentration of _____

A

ions in the extracellular fluids

49
Q

kidneys regulate long term ____

A

acid-base balance

50
Q

kidneys excrete _____ and _____

A

metabolic wastes

foreign substances (drugs, toxins)

51
Q

Urinary

A

Organ system responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, removal of nitrogenous wastes, urine production and excretion

52
Q

Renal

A

of or related to the kidneys

53
Q

Nephro-

A

of or related to the kidneys

54
Q

Kidneys

A

Bean-shaped, convex lateral surface and concave medial surface

filter blood and form urine

55
Q

Ureters

A

long muscular tubes that transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

56
Q

Urinary bladder

A

muscular organ that stores urine

57
Q

Urethra

A

tube that transmits urine from bladder to exterior

58
Q

Renal hilum

A

at medial edge, is ‘connection’ point for the ureters, renal artery and renal vein, lymphatics, and nerves

59
Q

The Urinary System Organs

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Renal hilum

60
Q

The Kidneys lie on ___ abdominal wall

A

posterior

61
Q

The Kidneys are retroperitoneal in the superior lumbar region, surrounded by three (3) layers of supportive tissue:

A

Renal fascia (outermost)
Perirenal fat capsule
Fibrous capsule

62
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

thin layer of dense regular connective tissue surrounding kidney

63
Q

Renal fascia

A

outer dense fibrous connective tissue anchoring the kidney to surrounding structures

64
Q

Perirenal fat capsule

A

fatty mass that protects kidney

65
Q

The internal structure of the kidney :

A

Outer cortex and Inner Medulla

66
Q

Renal Cortex

A

superficial layer with granular appearance

67
Q

Renal Medulla

A

Medullary (renal) pyramids
Renal Columns
Lobes

68
Q

Medullary (renal) pyramids

A

cone-shaped tissue that appear striped due to parallel bundles of urine collecting tubes and capillaries

69
Q

Renal Columns

A

inward extensions of cortex separating pyramids

70
Q

Lobes

A

pyramid surrounded by cortical tissue

71
Q

The kidneys have a rich ___ supply

A

blood

receive one-fourth of total cardiac output (about 1200 ml/min)

72
Q

Renal artery

A

branch of abdominal aorta: branches to every lobe

73
Q

Branches into cortex send an ______ to each nephron

A

Afferent Arteriole

74
Q

Venous blood collected into ____ and sent to inferior vena cava

A

renal vein

75
Q

The _____ is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

76
Q

The Nephron consists of 2 parts:

A

RENAL CORPUSCLE
RENAL TUBULE

77
Q

RENAL CORPUSCLE

A

responsible for filtering the blood and forming a “pre-urine”

78
Q

RENAL TUBULE

A

adjusts contents of pre-urine to form urine

long length increases processing capability

removes 99% of water from pre-urine and returns it to the blood

79
Q

RENAL TUBULE - basic functions

A

concentrates urine

adjusts ion levels

adjusts pH

80
Q

Multiple nephrons empty into one_____ and each renal pyramid will have many collecting ducts.

A

collecting duct

81
Q

____ funnel final urine from collecting ducts
toward renal pelvis

A

Calyces

82
Q

Urine drains continuously from papilla of renal pyramids and empties into a _____

A

minor calyx

83
Q

Several minor calyces drain into a _____

A

major calyx

84
Q

3-5 major calyces drain into the ______

A

renal pelvis

85
Q

Urine leaves the kidney at the point where the renal pelvis becomes the _____

A

ureter

86
Q

Kidneys form urine continuously – collected by renal pelvis which drains into ____

A

ureter

87
Q

Ureters deliver urine to _____

A

urinary bladder

88
Q

_____ stores urine until time for urination

A

Urinary bladder

89
Q

During urination, urine leaves bladder through ____ and out of body

A

urethra

Anatomy Exam 3 (11 decks)

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