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ERS 234 Final > Lecture 7 - Forest Wildlife Management > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Forest Wildlife Management Flashcards

1
Q

How do forests influence wildlife?

A

They provide food and shelter

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2
Q

How does wildlife influence forests?

A

They are agents of seed dispersal, influencers of succession through foraging, and they help to maintain ecosystem services

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3
Q

What are the 2 reasons that humans manage wildlife for?

A
  1. to minimize disturbance/destruction and to maximize forest productivity
  2. because forests are important to wildlife (biodiversity important)
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4
Q

What are some values of wildlife?

A
  • aesthetics
  • recreation (hunting, hiking, bird watching)
  • ecotourism
  • industry (focused on hunting - infrastructure built to support it)
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5
Q

Through what ways does wildlife interact?

A
  • territory: some species need a certain amt of space to survive as well as some get territorially defensive
  • consumptive interactions: cannibalism (ex. hawks) and predation/herbivory (removal of predator can unbalance predator-prey cycle)
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6
Q

Explain early successional habitats

A
  • some species thrive in these conditions
  • some species adapt to these conditions
  • some species are short lived and depend on these conditions
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7
Q

Explain old growth forest habitat (late succession)

A
  • they provide unique habitats

- ex. CC results in loss of lichens needed for caribou so selective logging is a solution

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8
Q

Explain middle-growth habitats

A
  • some species require habitat that has all stages (ex. moose) as it provides a wide variety of veg types
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9
Q

What is edge habitat?

A
  • provides food and shelter
  • individuals gain benefits from having clearings and forest together
  • it is dangerous b/c of the high predator concentration
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10
Q

What is a riparian zone?

A
  • transition b/w land and water
  • have high species diversity because it houses species requiring water and terrestrial habitat
  • periodic flooding helps to redistribute nutrients
  • riparian zones are often lost due to agriculture, roads, dams, and urban sprawl
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11
Q

What are the main wildlife effects on forests?

A
  • seed dispersal
  • insect predation
  • herbivory
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12
Q

How does seed dispersal effect forests?

A
  • wildlife often helps to redistribute seeds (ex. heavy seeds)
  • sometimes, seeds must first pass through an animal to germinate
  • rodents are important for dispersing mycorrhizal fungi to help promote conifer establishment
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13
Q

How does insect predation effect forests?

A
  • birds and small mammals consume large amts of insects that can defoliate trees (ex. spruce budworm)
  • however, during intense outbreaks, wildlife cannot keep pops under control
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14
Q

How does herbivory effect forests?

A
  • wildlife is an agent of disturbance and can maintain an ecosystem in an early successional stage
  • ex. browsing by deer, moose, and elk prevents woody plants from establishing
  • ex 2. beavers influence riparian habitats
  • ex 3. rabbits/rodents feed on the bark of young trees
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15
Q

What are the main negative effects of forest management on wildlife?

A
  • fire suppression
  • timber harvest
  • fragmentation
  • pesticides/herbicides
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16
Q

How does fire suppression effect wildlife?

A
  • controversial topic as fire can cause substantial damage to commercial value
  • fire is required by some species (ex, jack pine, oak savannas and kirkland warbler)
  • prescribed fires often occur now to maintain landscape while staying in control of fire
17
Q

How does timber harvest effect wildlife?

A
  • manmade gaps are beneficial to early successional species
  • wildlife can utilize gaps/openings made by timber harvest; however, these openings are very different than the disturbance of fire (different conditions created)
18
Q

How does fragmentation effect wildlife?

A
  • increased intensity of forest management leads to fragmentation
  • caused by harvest, construction, residential housing, etc.
  • many species are dependent on large tracks of interior forest, leaving them at higher risk of extinction
  • edge habitat species flourish in fragmentation
19
Q

How do pesticides/herbicides effect wildlife?

A
  • they are toxic to wildlife (some are bioaccumulators)
  • use of agrochemicals in agriculturally intense areas can impact wildlife
  • ex. to manage spruce budworm, DDT was used, but it thinned bald eagle eggshells, reducing the pop, so it was banned and allowed the pop to recover
20
Q

How should forests be managed for biodiversity?

A
  • retain habitat that is diverse and sufficient for supporting certain species (ex. grizzly bear)
  • ex. 80% of avian extinction is due to habitat loss :(
  • recreate disturbances of habitat for species that require it (ex. prescribed burning)
21
Q

What are the main wildlife considerations in forest ecosystem management? (What should we do/value in forests for the sake of wildlife?)

A
  • value of woody debris
  • riparian zones
  • habitat manipulation
  • population control
22
Q

How is woody debris a main consideration in forest ecosystem management?

A
  • it’s viewed as an eye sore but is important in wildlife habitat
  • decaying wood provides food for microorganisms, which are food for small mammals and birds
  • woody debris is also important for nutrient cycling
23
Q

How are riparian zones a main consideration in forest ecosystem management?

A
  • they protect streams from sedimentation and nutrient runoff
  • maintains water quality for aquatic species (reduces eutrophication)
  • wide buffers provide more protection
  • debris dams provide habitat and a source of nutrient release for stream wildlife
24
Q

How is habitat manipulation a main consideration in forest ecosystem management?

A
  • it can enhance selected wildlife (ex. clear cutting aspen can enhance shoot growth and enhance grouse habitat)
  • planting food and cover crops distracts wildlife from agricultural fields/crops
  • selective logging can hasten the development of old growth habitat
25
Q

How is population control a main consideration in forest ecosystem management?

A
  • undisturbed pops are dynamic equilibriums (pop levels fluctuate based on environmental influences)
  • controlling pops/eliminating a predator negatively influences the equilibrium (pop out of control)

ERS 234 Final (9 decks)

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