lecture 7 ethnobotanical plants Flashcards
gymnosperm= derived from the Greek words _______ meaning naked and ______ meaning seed
gymnos; sperma
There are four divisions (phyla) of gymnosperms:
Pinophyta (Coniferae), Ginkgophyta, Cycadophyta, and Gnetophyta.
_____________: Pine Family
______________ has significant economic importance for
wood, paper, resins, and ornamentals.
* harvested for softwood lumber
* ______________ are a complex mixture of primarily terpenes, oils, and waxes which are used as waterproof coatings and sealers since ancient times.
Pinaceae
Pinaceae resins
____________ of trees and
shrubs including cypress
(__________), juniper
(_____________), giant
sequoias
(______________), and
redwood (________).
30 genera
Cupressus; Juniperus; Sequoiadendron; Sequoia
The _____________ (Taxus
brevifolia Nutt.) is the
original source of the cancer
drug paclitaxel.
* The extracts also showed in
vitro activity against _________________________
(KB).
pacific yew; human
oral epidermoid carcinoma
___________ are the flowering,
seed‐producing plants.
* They are the most diverse group
of land plants on earth
Angiosperms (Angiospermae)
______________: Custard
Apple Family
* Eaten fresh as a dessert, or
mixed into salads, ice cream,
milk shakes, or sherbets
* Frequent consumption of ___________ has been linked to a
neurodegenerative, Parkinsonian
condition, caused by the
annonacin.
Annonaceae; A.
muricata
______________: Laurel Family
* Well‐known members of Lauraceae
include Sassafras, _____________
(Cinnamomum spp.), ___________
(Persea spp.), and _____________
(Laurus spp.).
* ____________ is an ancient spice
produced from the inner bark of
several Cinnamomum species.
* used in Egypt as early as 2000
BCE to perfume bodies for
burial and as anointing oils
* Ancient Romans burnt
cinnamon in funeral pyres
Lauraceae
cinnamon; avocado; bay laurel
Cinnamon
2000
____________: Pepper Family
*_____________ has only ______ genera; most of the species belong to Piper or Peperomia.
* The woody vine _____________ is the source of black pepper which is used as seasoning.
* _______________ is considered anti inflammatory, antibacterial, refrigerant,
analgesic, antifungal, anticancer.
Piperaceae; 13
Piper nigrum L.
Peperomia pellucida
____________: Taro Family
* In Hawaii, ______________ [_____________] are steamed,
crushed, and fermented to
produce poi.
* They are rich in the soluble starch
amylose.
* Extract from corm is widely used
for treatment of body ache and
baldness.
Araceae
taro corms (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott)
_____________:
Amaryllis Family
* Several species from the type
genus Allium have economic
importance as vegetables,
including ______ (A. cepa L.), ________
(A. sativum L.), and _________ (A.
schoenoprasum L.).
* In the Philippines, bulbs used for
______________. Also used as
diuretic, and eaten fresh or
burned for coughs in children.
Amaryllidaceae
onions; garlic; chives
hypertension
_____________: Lily Family
* ________________ are the best‐known
members of Liliaceae.
* _______________ are used as an
antitussive and expectorant.
Liliaceae
Tulips and lilies
Fritillaria spp. bulbs
__________________: Smilax
Family
* _______________ is used to make
Jamaican sarsaparilla, while other
related Smilax spp. are used to make
similar root beers and herbal drinks.
* _____________ was used traditionally in
America and Europe to treat syphilis
Smilacaceae
Smilax ornata Lem
S. ornata
_________: Orchid Family
* ________________ is the second largest
flowering plant family, with ____________
genera and over ___________ species.
* Several species of orchid are
valued for their fragrance, and
there are a few medicinal orchids
worth noting, especially species
that produce alkaloids.
* Used in ceremonial traditions of
various cultures
Orchidaceae
899 genera and over 27,500 species
________:
Asparagus Family
* ____________ has several genera with
ethnobotanical significance including
______ (formerly Agavaceae), _____,
_______, and _____.
* Tequila, is mostly produced from the
__________, A. tequilana F.A.C.Weber
which is native to Jalisco, Mexico.
* In the Philippines, juice of fleshy leaves
of Aloe vera is usually mixed with ____
and used to prevent hair fall or as a
cure for baldness
Asparagaceae
Agave, Yucca, Aloe, Asparagus
blue agave
gogo
_____________: Palm Family
* _____________ cultivated date palms
over 5000 years ago.
* Mayans used __________ (Attalea
cohune Mart.) kernel oil for cooking, lamp
oil, and making soap.
* The copra of ___________- is dried and
pressed to produce coconut oil, often
used in cooking and personal care
products.
* The date palm (___________________)
produces edible fruits called dates. Dates
have been a staple food in the
Mediterranean since antiquity.
Arecaceae
Mesopotamians
cohune palm
Cocos nucifera
Phoenix dactylifera L.
____________________:
Pineapple Family
* Most bromeliads are _____________ terrestrial herbs native to
the New World tropics.
* Olmecs, Incas, Aztecs, Mayas, and
other Native Americans used
______________ for food, fiber, medicine,
and as ceremonial headdresses.
* ___________________ contain
_____________, a protease used
commercially as a meat tenderizer.
Bromeliaceae
epiphytic or xerophytice
bromeliads
Pineapples (Ananas comosus); bromelain
_____________: Grass Family
* It is considered the most economically
important plant family on earth, highly valued for their primary metabolites (e.g., starches
and oils).
* Poaceae provides food, fuel, building
materials, and forage for animals.
* Domestication of grass species, especially
______ (Triticum spp.), _____ (Zea mays L.), _________ (Oryza sativa L.), ____ (Secale cereale L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br., Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv., Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., and various other spp.], oats (Avena sativa L.) and sugarcane (Saccharumofficinarum L.), provided the foundation for human civilization 10,000 years ago.
Poaceae
wheat, corn, rice, rye
_____________: Banana
Family
* This small family with only two genera
(_____________) is best known for its
edible fruit (bananas and plantains) and
fibers.
* ________________ is a species of
banana native to the Philippines. Also
known as ___________, it has great
economic importance, being harvested
for its fiber, also called Manila hemp.
Musaceae
Ensete and Musa
Abaca (Musa textilis)
Manila hemp
Zingiberaceae: Ginger Family
* Plants in the ginger family are
valued as ornamentals, aromatic
spices and medicine, especially as
___________________ (gas
reducers).
* Rhizomes from _______________ and ___________________are some of the best‐known spices from this family.
They have been used medicinally
for a range of disorders from GI
issues to inflammatory disorders
and infection.
Zingiberaceae
stimulants and carminatives
ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)
_____________:
Grape Family
* The __________ supplies
the world with grapes for
wine, fresh consumption,
and raisins.
* _______________
were domesticated
sometime during the
Neolithic period (c. 8500–
4000 BCE) in the
mountains of Georgia,
Armenia, and Azerbaijan.
Vitaceae
genus Vitis
Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)
___________: Coca
Family
* The South American shrub _______________ is the source of coca leaves
used to make the recreational drug
cocaine. Chewing coca leaves or
drinking coca tea was and still is popular
amongst native South Americans.
* Coca leaf extract was part of the
formula for Coca‐Cola up until the early
twentieth century.
Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylum coca Lam
______________:
Mangosteen Family
* ____________________ is a popular edible fruit in Southeast Asia. It can be eaten
fresh or made into a juice. The rinds
are sometimes steeped into a tea or
made into an ointment for skin
conditions. It has anti‐inflammatory,
anti‐diarrheal, antioxidant, and other
medicinal properties.
Clusiaceae
Garcinia mangostana L. (purple
mangosteen)
___________:
Spurge Family
* ___________________ is native to
Brazil and was used by
indigenous people of the
Amazon and Mesoamerica to
make rubber balls, shoes, and
waterproof clothes.
* ___________________ is a starchy tuberous
root cultivated as a staple crop
in many tropical and subtropical
areas, including its native South
America. _____________ is known
as tapioca, which is produced in
powder and pearl form.
Euphorbiaceae
Hevea brasiliensis
Cassava (Manihot esculenta
Crantz)
Dried cassava
_______________: Hemp
Family
* ________________ is the source of hemp
fiber, oil, seed, and a range of related
products. It used medically as a treatment
for nausea and pain and recreationally as a
psychoactive drug.
* Shipbuilders used Cannabis bast fibers to
make high‐quality canvas sailcloth.
* C. sativa was used medically and
recreationally in China as early as 3000
BCE, but it was India where C. sativa was
domesticated as a potent medicinal plant.
Cannabaceae
Cannabis sativa L.
________________:
Gourd Family
* encompasses over _____________
of plants known collectively as
gourds or cucurbits. These
include cucumbers, melons,
watermelons, pumpkins,
squash, and many others.
* _________________ has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hypolipidemic,
hypoglycemic, anti-tumor,
antimelanogenic, antiadipogenic properties based on
studies.
Cucurbitaceae
800 species
Ampalaya (Momordica
charantia)
_____________:
Mint Family
* In the Philippines, macerated fresh leaves of ________________ are applied externally to burns.
* ________________ is a herb used for cooking and medicinal purposes.
Lamiaceae
oregano (Origanum vulgare)
Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
