lecture 7 ethnobotanical plants

Question 1

gymnosperm= derived from the Greek words _______ meaning naked and ______ meaning seed

Answer 1

gymnos; sperma

Question 2

There are four divisions (phyla) of gymnosperms:

Answer 2

Pinophyta (Coniferae), Ginkgophyta, Cycadophyta, and Gnetophyta.

Question 3

_____________: Pine Family
______________ has significant economic importance for
wood, paper, resins, and ornamentals.
* harvested for softwood lumber
* ______________ are a complex mixture of primarily terpenes, oils, and waxes which are used as waterproof coatings and sealers since ancient times.

Answer 3

Pinaceae
Pinaceae resins

Question 4

____________ of trees and
shrubs including cypress
(__________), juniper
(_____________), giant
sequoias
(______________), and
redwood (________).

Answer 4

30 genera
Cupressus; Juniperus; Sequoiadendron; Sequoia

Question 5

The _____________ (Taxus
brevifolia Nutt.) is the
original source of the cancer
drug paclitaxel.
* The extracts also showed in
vitro activity against _________________________
(KB).

Answer 5

pacific yew; human
oral epidermoid carcinoma

Question 6

___________ are the flowering,
seed‐producing plants.
* They are the most diverse group
of land plants on earth

Answer 6

Angiosperms (Angiospermae)

Question 7

______________: Custard
Apple Family
* Eaten fresh as a dessert, or
mixed into salads, ice cream,
milk shakes, or sherbets
* Frequent consumption of ___________ has been linked to a
neurodegenerative, Parkinsonian
condition, caused by the
annonacin.

Answer 7

Annonaceae; A.
muricata

Question 8

______________: Laurel Family
* Well‐known members of Lauraceae
include Sassafras, _____________
(Cinnamomum spp.), ___________
(Persea spp.), and _____________
(Laurus spp.).
* ____________ is an ancient spice
produced from the inner bark of
several Cinnamomum species.
* used in Egypt as early as 2000
BCE to perfume bodies for
burial and as anointing oils
* Ancient Romans burnt
cinnamon in funeral pyres

Answer 8

Lauraceae
cinnamon; avocado; bay laurel
Cinnamon
2000

Question 9

____________: Pepper Family
*_____________ has only ______ genera; most of the species belong to Piper or Peperomia.
* The woody vine _____________ is the source of black pepper which is used as seasoning.
* _______________ is considered anti inflammatory, antibacterial, refrigerant,
analgesic, antifungal, anticancer.

Answer 9

Piperaceae; 13
Piper nigrum L.
Peperomia pellucida

Question 10

____________: Taro Family
* In Hawaii, ______________ [_____________] are steamed,
crushed, and fermented to
produce poi.
* They are rich in the soluble starch
amylose.
* Extract from corm is widely used
for treatment of body ache and
baldness.

Answer 10

Araceae
taro corms (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott)

Question 11

_____________:
Amaryllis Family
* Several species from the type
genus Allium have economic
importance as vegetables,
including ______ (A. cepa L.), ________
(A. sativum L.), and _________ (A.
schoenoprasum L.).
* In the Philippines, bulbs used for
______________. Also used as
diuretic, and eaten fresh or
burned for coughs in children.

Answer 11

Amaryllidaceae
onions; garlic; chives
hypertension

Question 12

_____________: Lily Family
* ________________ are the best‐known
members of Liliaceae.
* _______________ are used as an
antitussive and expectorant.

Answer 12

Liliaceae
Tulips and lilies
Fritillaria spp. bulbs

Question 13

__________________: Smilax
Family
* _______________ is used to make
Jamaican sarsaparilla, while other
related Smilax spp. are used to make
similar root beers and herbal drinks.
* _____________ was used traditionally in
America and Europe to treat syphilis

Answer 13

Smilacaceae
Smilax ornata Lem
S. ornata

Question 14

_________: Orchid Family
* ________________ is the second largest
flowering plant family, with ____________
genera and over ___________ species.
* Several species of orchid are
valued for their fragrance, and
there are a few medicinal orchids
worth noting, especially species
that produce alkaloids.
* Used in ceremonial traditions of
various cultures

Answer 14

Orchidaceae
899 genera and over 27,500 species

Question 15

________:
Asparagus Family
* ____________ has several genera with
ethnobotanical significance including
______ (formerly Agavaceae), _____,
_______, and _____.
* Tequila, is mostly produced from the
__________, A. tequilana F.A.C.Weber
which is native to Jalisco, Mexico.
* In the Philippines, juice of fleshy leaves
of Aloe vera is usually mixed with ____
and used to prevent hair fall or as a
cure for baldness

Answer 15

Asparagaceae
Agave, Yucca, Aloe, Asparagus
blue agave
gogo

Question 16

_____________: Palm Family
* _____________ cultivated date palms
over 5000 years ago.
* Mayans used __________ (Attalea
cohune Mart.) kernel oil for cooking, lamp
oil, and making soap.
* The copra of ___________- is dried and
pressed to produce coconut oil, often
used in cooking and personal care
products.
* The date palm (___________________)
produces edible fruits called dates. Dates
have been a staple food in the
Mediterranean since antiquity.

Answer 16

Arecaceae
Mesopotamians
cohune palm
Cocos nucifera
Phoenix dactylifera L.

Question 17

____________________:
Pineapple Family
* Most bromeliads are _____________ terrestrial herbs native to
the New World tropics.
* Olmecs, Incas, Aztecs, Mayas, and
other Native Americans used
______________ for food, fiber, medicine,
and as ceremonial headdresses.
* ___________________ contain
_____________, a protease used
commercially as a meat tenderizer.

Answer 17

Bromeliaceae
epiphytic or xerophytice
bromeliads
Pineapples (Ananas comosus); bromelain

Question 18

_____________: Grass Family
* It is considered the most economically
important plant family on earth, highly valued for their primary metabolites (e.g., starches
and oils).
* Poaceae provides food, fuel, building
materials, and forage for animals.
* Domestication of grass species, especially
______ (Triticum spp.), _____ (Zea mays L.), _________ (Oryza sativa L.), ____ (Secale cereale L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br., Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv., Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., and various other spp.], oats (Avena sativa L.) and sugarcane (Saccharumofficinarum L.), provided the foundation for human civilization 10,000 years ago.

Answer 18

Poaceae
wheat, corn, rice, rye

Question 19

_____________: Banana
Family
* This small family with only two genera
(_____________) is best known for its
edible fruit (bananas and plantains) and
fibers.
* ________________ is a species of
banana native to the Philippines. Also
known as ___________, it has great
economic importance, being harvested
for its fiber, also called Manila hemp.

Answer 19

Musaceae
Ensete and Musa
Abaca (Musa textilis)
Manila hemp

Question 20

Zingiberaceae: Ginger Family
* Plants in the ginger family are
valued as ornamentals, aromatic
spices and medicine, especially as
___________________ (gas
reducers).
* Rhizomes from _______________ and ___________________are some of the best‐known spices from this family.
They have been used medicinally
for a range of disorders from GI
issues to inflammatory disorders
and infection.

Answer 20

Zingiberaceae
stimulants and carminatives
ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

Question 21

_____________:
Grape Family
* The __________ supplies
the world with grapes for
wine, fresh consumption,
and raisins.
* _______________
were domesticated
sometime during the
Neolithic period (c. 8500–
4000 BCE) in the
mountains of Georgia,
Armenia, and Azerbaijan.

Answer 21

Vitaceae
genus Vitis
Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)

Question 22

___________: Coca
Family
* The South American shrub _______________ is the source of coca leaves
used to make the recreational drug
cocaine. Chewing coca leaves or
drinking coca tea was and still is popular
amongst native South Americans.
* Coca leaf extract was part of the
formula for Coca‐Cola up until the early
twentieth century.

Answer 22

Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylum coca Lam

Question 23

______________:
Mangosteen Family
* ____________________ is a popular edible fruit in Southeast Asia. It can be eaten
fresh or made into a juice. The rinds
are sometimes steeped into a tea or
made into an ointment for skin
conditions. It has anti‐inflammatory,
anti‐diarrheal, antioxidant, and other
medicinal properties.

Answer 23

Clusiaceae
Garcinia mangostana L. (purple
mangosteen)

Question 24

___________:
Spurge Family
* ___________________ is native to
Brazil and was used by
indigenous people of the
Amazon and Mesoamerica to
make rubber balls, shoes, and
waterproof clothes.
* ___________________ is a starchy tuberous
root cultivated as a staple crop
in many tropical and subtropical
areas, including its native South
America. _____________ is known
as tapioca, which is produced in
powder and pearl form.

Answer 24

Euphorbiaceae
Hevea brasiliensis
Cassava (Manihot esculenta
Crantz)
Dried cassava

Question 25

_______________: Hemp
Family
* ________________ is the source of hemp
fiber, oil, seed, and a range of related
products. It used medically as a treatment
for nausea and pain and recreationally as a
psychoactive drug.
* Shipbuilders used Cannabis bast fibers to
make high‐quality canvas sailcloth.
* C. sativa was used medically and
recreationally in China as early as 3000
BCE, but it was India where C. sativa was
domesticated as a potent medicinal plant.

Answer 25

Cannabaceae
Cannabis sativa L.

Question 26

________________:
Gourd Family
* encompasses over _____________
of plants known collectively as
gourds or cucurbits. These
include cucumbers, melons,
watermelons, pumpkins,
squash, and many others.
* _________________ has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hypolipidemic,
hypoglycemic, anti-tumor,
antimelanogenic, antiadipogenic properties based on
studies.

Answer 26

Cucurbitaceae
800 species
Ampalaya (Momordica
charantia)

Question 27

_____________:
Mint Family
* In the Philippines, macerated fresh leaves of ________________ are applied externally to burns.
* ________________ is a herb used for cooking and medicinal purposes.

Answer 27

Lamiaceae
oregano (Origanum vulgare)
Peppermint (Mentha piperita)