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Physiology: Exam 2 > Lecture 7: Endocrine Physiology-Cortisol, Thyroid Hormones & Growth Hormone > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Endocrine Physiology-Cortisol, Thyroid Hormones & Growth Hormone Flashcards

1
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Steroid hormone:
1. aldosterone (sodium potassium balance)
2. Cortisol (stress hormone)
3. DHEA (testosterone)

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2
Q

What is the main glucocoticoud?

A

cortisol

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3
Q

What is the control pathway of secretion

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway

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4
Q

What type of secretion is cortisol

A

continuous secretion and diurnal rhythm

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5
Q

CORTISOL

Protective effect against hypoglycemia through _ _

A

permissive effect

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6
Q

What are the metabolic effects of cortisol? (6)

A
  1. Promotes gluconegogenesis
  2. breakdown of skeletal muscle proteins (aa.-> TCA intermediate-> gluconegogensis)
  3. enhance lipolysis (for energy)
  4. suppresses the immune system (inhibits cytokine formation)
  5. Causes negative calcium balance (bone breakdown)
  6. Influences brain function
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7
Q

What are the 3 regions of the adrenal cortex and what do they secrete?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa-> Aldosterone
  • Zona fasciulata-> glucocorticoids
  • Zona reticularis-> sex hormones

SALTY, SWEET, SEXY-> GFR

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8
Q

All steriod hormones are synthezised from what?

A

Cholesterol

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9
Q

What is the pathway cholesterol takes to make aldosterone, cortisol, testosteron and estrone/estraidol?

A
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10
Q

A baby was born with a genetic mutation that results in a deficiency of the enzyme 21-hydroxylase. Based on the role of this enzyme in the pathway, what symptoms might you predict in the baby?

A

increase androgen, decrease aldostorone and decrease in cortisol

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11
Q

What is released at the hypothalmus, anterior pit., and adrental cortex for cortisol? What is the negative feedback loop?

A
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12
Q

What areas does cortisol effects?

A
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13
Q

What type of secretion is cortisol?

A

circadian rhythm

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14
Q

Fill this in for cortisol

A
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15
Q

What ways are Cortisol (ex. Hydrocortisone) used for in clinical use?

A

– Suppresses the immune system
– Inhibits the inflammatory response
– For treating bee stings, poison ivy, & pollen allergies
– Helps prevent rejection of transplanted organs

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16
Q

What can happen when you give cortisol exogenously?

A

Exogenous administration may shut down ACTH production & adrenal cells
– Producing adrenal cells atrophy because exogenous cortisol will decrease ACTH through negative feedback

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17
Q

What are the different ways of causing hypercortisolism?

A
  • Adrenal tumor that autonomously secretes cortisol
  • Pituitary tumor that autonomously secretes ACTH
  • Iatrogenic (physician-caused) hypercortisolism
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18
Q

What is cushing DISEASE
What is cushing SYNDROME

A
  • Diease: Pituitary tumor that autonomously secretes ACTH from ant pit.
  • Syndrome: Iatrogenic (physician-caused) hypercortisolism by taking too much exogenous cortisol
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19
Q

What causes hypocortisolism and what is the disease called?

A

*Hypo-secretion of all adrenal steroid hormones (Aldosterone, DHEA and cortisol)

  • Addison disease
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20
Q

What are some signs of hypersortisolism?

A
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21
Q

Association between stress and immune function appear to be mediated through what?

A

CRH and ACTH

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22
Q

CRH family includes what?

A

CRH & brain neuropeptide urocortin

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23
Q

Effects of CRH? (3)

A
  • Decreases food intake
  • Association with signals that mark the onset of labor
  • Links to several mood disorders, e.g., anxiety, depression
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24
Q

What does POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) undergo? What does it create?

A

POMC (proopiomelanocortin) undergoes post-translational processing to produce a variety of biologically active peptides

  • ACTH and B-endorphin
  • ⍺-MSH
  • Nonpituitary tissues create MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
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25
What does ⍺-MSH do?
inhibits food intake & acts on melanocytes which contain pigments called melanins
26
What is melanocortins and how does that relate to addison disease?
MSH hormones & ACTH * d/t decrease in cortisol there is no negative feedback to ACTH so it causes the tan color in Addision disease (⍺-MSH)
27
fill this in
28
What effect does thryoid hormones have?
* Have long-term effects on metabolism
29
What is thyroid hormone essential for?
Essential for growth & development in children & infants * acts permissively with GH
30
Synthesis of thyroid hormones takes place where?
in the thyroid follicles, in the colloid
31
What is the center of the thyroid follicles filled with? What does it hold?
filled with colloid and stores T3 and T4
32
What glycoprotein is made in follicular cells? (outside colloid)
Thyroglobulin
33
What is concentrated in the colloid? What do we need to keep this concentration
* Iodine concentrated in the colloid with help of transporters NIS & pendrin (Na+/I- symporter to move iodine into the follicle and pendrin to move I into colloid)
34
What is the biosynthesis pathway of thyroid hormone
Iodine + tyrosine on thyroglobulin -> monoiodotyrosine (MIT) THEN I + MIT -> DIT THEN DIT+MIT-> thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine DIT+DIT= thyroid hormone, tetraiodothyronine (T4, levothyroxine)
35
Where do we release thyroid hormones from
thyroglobulin
36
What do thyroid hormones bind to?
bind to plasma proteins such as thyroid-binding globulin (TBG)-> becasue hydrophobic BUT also becasue made in advance and stored
37
What is used to make T4 into T3
target cells use deiodinases to remove iodine from T4 to make active T3
38
What controls the thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) controls the thyroid gland
39
What does thyroid hormones promote? What is it needed for?
Thyroid hormones promote oxidative metabolism, Necessary for full expression of growth hormone in children
40
What specifically in the first few years after birth needs T3/4
myelin and synapse formation
41
fill in and explain
42
43
What is released at the hypothothalamus, ant pit, thyroid gland for thyroid hormone
Hypo: TRH Ant pit: TSH Thyroid: T4/3
44
Where can we get iodine?
SHELLFISH, salty
45
What can physical appear with too much TSH stimulation of thyroid gland?
goiters
46
What happens with hyperthroidism?
* Increases oxygen consumption & metabolic heat production (increase metabolism) * Increase protein catabolism & may cause muscle weakness (inrease breakdown) * Hyperexcitable reflexes & psychological disturbances * Influence b-adrenergic receptors in the heart->permissble effect with NE and tachycardia
47
What are two things that can cause hyperthyroidism
* Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) mimic TSH in Graves disease (increase stimulation of T3) * Pituitary tumors secreting TSH
48
What is the treatment of hyperthroidism?
* – Surgical removal of gland * Destroy with radioactive iodine (increase iodine in colloid-> bursting tumor) * Block biosynthesis of hormone
49
Besides the goiter, what other physical sign do we see with hyperthroid states?
50
What happens to our TSI, TSH, TRH and T3/4 levels in hyperthyroidism due to graves diease
51
What are the side effects for hypothroidism?
– Slows metabolic rate & oxygen consumption – Decreases protein synthesis – Myxedema: puffy appearance ↳TSH = A GAG deposition(hyaluronic acids retains H2O in ECM – Nervous system changes in adults include slowed reflexes, slow speech & thought processes, & feelings of fatigue * Cretinism in infancy (dec growth), ↓ mental capacity – Bradycardia
52
What is myxedema?
53
What is the cause of primary hypothyroidism? Txt?
* Due to lack of iodine in the diet * Treatment for hypothyroid disorder, PO thyroid hormone (levothuroaine (T4))
54
What does the levels of TRH, TSH and T3/4 look like in hypothyroid?
55
What does normal growth depend on?
1. GH and other homrones 2. An adequate diet: Essential AA from diet 3. absence of chronic stress: catabolic cortisol 4. Genetics
56
When is peak GH released?
* Peak GH release during teenage years
57
GH is anabolic or catabolic?
anabolic
58
What are the two hypothalamic neuropeptides released for GH
GHRH and Somatostatin (inhibitory) | Be careful with somatostatin and somatotropic!
59
What is an unclear role that GH may have
Unclear role in sleep cycles * GHRH may have sleep-inducing properties
60
What does GH bind to?
* Binds to growth hormone–binding protein in blood to increase half life
61
What may play a role in detemining adult height?
GHBP: growth hormone–binding protein
62
What does GH do in our bodies?
* Stimulates secretion of insulin-like growth factors ↳liver – Stimulate bone & soft tissue growth with GH – Stimulate cartilage growth * Promotes protein synthesis * Increases plasma fatty acid & glucose (similar to cortisol but diff purpose)
63
* Explain what is released at hypothalmus, ant pit and liver+other tissues for GH * What does GH cause?
64
65
What does GH deficiency in childhood lead to
dwarfism
66
What does oversecretion of GH in childhood lead to?
gigantism?
67
What happens with adults that have excessive secreation of GH?
acromegaly-> everything grows (hands, feet, face) except you
68
What are SE of genetically engineered GH?
glucose intolerance and panceatitis
69
What are two ways that adults can have growth hormone deficincy?
* Continuation of child onset growth hormone deficiency * Adult onset: Trauma, Surgery, or Radiation to head (damage to the pituitary)
70
What does adult growth homrone deficiency cause? What is TXT
* Metabolic dysfunction, ↓ physical strength & activity, altered lipid metabolism, ↑ body fat * Treatment with Somatropin (Zomacton®, rDNA) > Also used to treat growth failure in pediatric patients
71
Which of the following is secreted by the adrenal medulla? A) Testosterone B) Cortisol C) Aldosterone D) Epinephrine
Epinephrine
72
What is the pathway cholesterol takes to make aldosterone, cortisol, testosteron and estrone/estraidol?

Physiology: Exam 2 (9 decks)

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