lecture 7 - encoding & learning Flashcards
which learning principle boost later retrieval performance?
practice distribution testing LoP organisation knowledge curiosity attention errorless learning sleep
total time hypothesis
Ebbinghaus: learning linearly related to amount of study
massing vs spacing
massing = quicker decline in memory
the longer the retention interval = the longer the influence of the greater gaps between study sessions i.e. optimal spacing increases with longer retention interval
why does spacing improve learning?
temporal distinctiveness, interference reduction, shift from remember to know
diminished attention to massed items due to high familiarity (more pupil dilation on 2nd of 2 spaced learning sessions compared to massed learning
spacing decreases accessibility = more learning
levels of processing
memory durability depends on depth of processing
BUT phonemic processing can be superior to semantic processing if testing methods incorporate this
transfer appropriate processing =
a type of state-dependent memory (ESP)
benefits of organisation are dependent on knowledge: chess players
chess players better memory in chess-based memory task because: they have ability to encode the position of larger perceptual chunks - STM capacity normal but experts can chunk using LTM knowledge
benefits of organisation are dependent on knowledge: taxi drivers
recall of street names superior when street names were located on viuospatially continuous route (ordered) than when located on straight line or random order
organisation effects in LTM: knowledge
high football knowledge = better recall in terms of football lists - increased distinctiveness (the von Restorff effect)
curiosity
curiosity = greater degree of cognitive effort
activation of reward centres
attention
diverted attention at encoding = large reductions in memory
diverted attention at retrieval = small/no reductions (retrieval can be automatic if cue available)
Which works best? (Dunlosky et al)
practice testing & distributed practice = high utility
summarisation, highlighting, keywod mnemonic, imagery use for text learning & re-reading = low utility
errorless learning
implicit memory in errorful learning = error learned implicitly & feels familiar
implicit memory in errorless learning = only correct response learned implicitly
sleep
enhances declarative and procedural memory
particularly for emotional material
sleep phases drive different forms of memory consolidation
SWS-rich, early sleep = benefits consolidation of declarative memory
REM-rich sleep = benefits non-declarative types of memory (procedural and emotional aspects of memory)
