lecture 1 - LTM 1

Question 1

declarative memory

Answer 1

remembering ‘that’ rather than ‘how’
unlimited capacity
episodic and semantic memory
medial temporal lobe & diencephalon

Question 2

LTM (James: ‘memory proper’ or ‘secondary memory’)

Answer 2

knowledge of an event or fact with additional consciousness that we have experienced it before
these have since been reclassified as forms of LTM

Question 3

memory and consciousness (Tulving, 1985)

Answer 3

‘remembering is a conscious experience - early mem research ignored this (not concerned with ‘where’ and ‘when’ juts concerned with ‘what’ could be remembered
e.g. Ebbinghaus: nonsense syllables - juts concerned with what people remembered not the context of memories

Question 4

episodic memory allows… (Tulving)

Answer 4

access and re-experience of events located in space (where) and time (when)

Question 5

semantic knowledge

Answer 5

generalised knowledge of self and world abstracted from specific experience

Question 6

different forms of consciousness (Tulving, 1985)

Answer 6

episodic = autonoetic
semantic = noetic
procedural = anoetic

Question 7

autonoetic consciousness

Answer 7

allows us to be aware of subjective time in which events happened

Question 8

Spiers et al (2001)

Answer 8

cases with MTL (hippocampal) damage: all had episodic mem impairments, most had minor semantic mem impairments
none had STM impairments
(anterograde amnesia)

Question 9

anterograde amnesia

Answer 9

can’t create new memories after event that caused amnesia

Question 10

Vargha-Khadem et al (1997): patient Jon (anterograde)

Answer 10

severe episodic mem impairment
damage was bilateral
poor spatial, temporal, episodic mem
other patients with more wide spread damage
V-K et al - neighbouring areas are responsible for semantic mem

Question 11

Verfaellie et al (2000): patient PS (anterograde)

Answer 11

hippocampus-selective damage
episodic mem impaired
intact ability to acquire new semantic mems

Question 12

Verfaellie et al (2000): patient SS (anterograde)

Answer 12

wider MTL damage

impaired episodic and semantic mem

Question 13

retrograde amnesia

Answer 13

can’t access mems from before event

often selective deficit in episodic or semantic mem

Question 14

Tulving (2002): patient KC (retrograde)

Answer 14

damage to MTL and hippocampus
good sematic mem before accident but…
anterograde amnesia for semantic and episodic mem (not pure retrograde amnesia)
severe episodic mem impairment: no EMs before or since injury

Question 15

semantic dementia

Answer 15

progressive loss of conceptual knowledge with relatively in tact EM

Question 16

Westamacott et al (2001): patient EL

Answer 16

semantic mem loss
atrophy in left anterior temporal lobe but spared hippocampus
50 photos: impaired at naming (could only name wife and children); demonstrated sense of re-experiencing autobiographical events in nearly every photo regardless of recency

Question 17

Familiarity

Answer 17

Sense of knowing without contextual details
Fast, automatic
semantic mem - noetic awareness

Question 18

Recollection

Answer 18

Remember contextual details
slower, effortful, demanding
Episodic mem - autonoetic awareness

Question 19

Spontaneous recollection can occur through retrieval cues

Answer 19

Proustian moments

Question 20

Brain areas involved in recollection but not familiarity

Answer 20

Hippocampus

Question 21

Brain areas involved in familiarity/recognition/knowing

Answer 21

Other areas in temporal lobes (perihinal and parahippocampal cortices)

Question 22

EM over long term

Answer 22

Hippocampus is involved in EMs over long term but not for mems that become semanticised
Gradual strengthening of cortical connections without dampening contribution of the hippocampus
support for ‘multiple trace theories’

Question 23

But mems that become semantic/familiar over time…

Answer 23

Consolidate through strengthening of cortico-cortical connections and progressive disengagement of the hippocampus

EMs being repeated become semantic knowledge of certain behaviours (scripts) = link between EM & SM

Question 24

Remember/know and OCD

Answer 24

Obsessions checking can lead to R to k shift

Question 24

Remember/know and OCD

Answer 24

Obsessions checking can lead to R to k shift

Question 25

Remember/know and OCD

Answer 25

Obsessions checking can lead to R to k shift

Question 26

Link between SM and EM

Answer 26

Relation is process-specific - operate serially at encoding (info enters EM through SM)

Question 27

Schema facilitating effects (Bransford & Johnson)

Answer 27

Title given before reading description = better recall