Lecture 7: Autonomic NS Flashcards
What are the 2 hallmarks of a Facilitated Segment (aka SD)?
1) Lowered neuronal threshold
2) Hypersensitivity of receptive fields
Spinal levels for sympathethic innervation of the Head/Neck and Heart/lungs?
- Head/neck = T1-4
- Heart/lungs = T1-6
Spinal levels for sympathethic innervation of the Upper GI?
T5-9
Spinal levels for sympathethic innervation of the Small Intestine and Right Colon?
T10-11
Spinal level for sympathethic innervation of the Appendix?
T12
Spinal levels for sympathethic innervation of the Adrenal?
T10-11
Spinal levels for sympathethic innervation of the GU tract?
T10-L2
Spinal levels for sympathethic innervation of the Ureter - Upper/Lower?
Upper = T10-11
Lower = T12-L2
Spinal levels for sympathethic innervation of the Left Colon/Pelvis and Bladder?
T12-L2
Spinal levels for sympathethic innervation of the Upper and Lower Extremities?
Upper = T2-8
Lower = T11-L2
Parasympathetic innervation by CN X (Vagus) covers which structures?
- Heart, lung, thyroid, carotids
- Upper/Middle GI, Liver
- Kidney, Upper Ureter
- Ovaries/Testes
Parasympathetic innervation by S2-4 (Pelvic Splanchnic) covers what structures?
- Lower GI, Uterus/Cervix, Penis/Clitoris
- Lower Ureter, Bladder
Spinal facilitation is the maintenance of a pool of neurons in what state?
Results in?
- A state of partial or subthreshold excitation
- In this state, less afferent stimulation is required to trigger the discharge of impulses
Spinal facilitation may be due to sustained increase in what 3 factors?
- Afferent input
- Aberrant patterns of afferent input
- Changes within the affected neurons themselves or their chemical enviornement
5 OMT techniques that can be used to decrease sympathetic activity?
- Rib-raising
- Paraspinal inhibition
- Cervical ganglia inhibition
- Abdominal collateral ganglia technique
- Target non-neutral (type II) SD if present
6 OMT techniques which can be used to normalize parasympathetic tone?
- Suboccipital inhibition
- Sphenopalatine ganglia release
- Sacral inhibition and rocking
- Sacroiliac joint gapping
- BLT
- Gentle ME
What did Louisa Burns do?
- Induced SD of the atlas, C6, and T3 in rabbits
- Measured pulse (rate and amplitude); respons to exercise; EKG and tissue samples
In rabbits with induced SD of the Atlast what was seen 2 months later?
- Developed arrhythmias
- Theorized to be result of vagal nerve facilitation
What changes did the cardiac cross sections of Louisa Burns rabbits show?
- Neurotrophic changes
- Abnormal color to tissue, irregular striation, abundant fibrils
- Edema
- Hemorrhagic areas
- Overgrowth of CT
Spinal levels for the sympathetics to the kidney?
T10-L1
