Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Southern Africa > Lecture 7 and 8- Zimbabwe And Natural Resource Managment > Flashcards

Lecture 7 and 8- Zimbabwe And Natural Resource Managment Flashcards

0
Q

What does sen describe substantive freedoms as? (Sen, 1985)

A

Ability to engage (in politics, economic transactions etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What were Sen’s five components in assessing capabilities?

A

1) the importance of real freedoms in assessment of a persons advantage
2) individual differences in the ability to transform resource into valuable activities
3) the multi variate nature of activities giving rise to happiness
4) a balance of materialistic and no materialistic factors in evaluating human welfare
5) concern for the distribution of opportunities within society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What where some of the issues with development programmes? (Booth 2011)

A

They often reflect what ministers and parliaments in donor countries have to say (little practical knowledge and experience in context)

They are concerned with liberal democratic ideology and NOT context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the African power and politics programme (APPP)? (Booth, 2011)

A

They are concerned with what works in the context of Africa (best fit governance)

Challenges assumptions that have influenced leaders and intellects in Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why has there been a shift from ‘best practice’ to ‘best fit’? (Booth, 2011)

A

There is not institutional templates that are valid for every country at every state- rather the right approach to governance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is ‘best fit’ according to the APPP? (Booth, 2011)

A

Building on existing institutional arrangements that have recognisable arrangements

A shift from direct support to facilitating local problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do ‘best fits’ involve? (Booth, 2011)

A

Do not import from a generic concept of good practice

Usually practical hybrids (professional, scientific, with moral economy practices)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What factors should donors consider when funding in self help initiatives?(Booth, 2011)

A

Money needs to be directed correctly, thus the initiatives need to be both technically sensible and locally anchored to be more efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What were some of the compromises that Booth discusses in the ‘best fit model’? (Booth, 2011)

A

Democracy is desirable in the long term but not the route to better public policy in the short/median term

Can act as a distraction for the main goals

(Think about Changs discussion on corruption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is clientism? (Booth, 2011)

A

Buying votes during elections. An example of where democracy isn’t the ‘best practice’

Power hungry politicians buying votes from poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the fundamental requirements for best practice to work? (Booth, 2011)

A

1) understanding the prevailing institutional arrangements

2) what works well for development rather then applying prefabricated norms and expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Less than perfect standards if transparency are acceptable as long as there is….

A

Peace

Development is visible and benefits to all society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why has ‘best fit’ come under scrutiny?

A

Aid agencies under pressure to disburse funds and show the results

But adapting the programme individual locations takes time

NGOs and donors cannot make many changes on their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some of the solutions for the problems of ‘best fit’?

A

Rather then making propensities for each individual country why not make propositions for particular types of context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is collective action important to understand in relation to natural resource management? (Cleaver, 2012)

A

Deeply embedded int culture, history and Argo-ecological conditions

Ever changing and adapting

People create social continuity and moral order through institutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are mainstream institutions not enough when trying to understand NR? (Cleaver, 2012)

A

More to it then technical and economical and political spheres

Impossible to detangle private action, formal, informal management

New institutions are legitimised by referencing existing ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is it important to understand cultural institutions? (Cleaver, 2012)

A

Resource optimisation- cooperating and helping to ensure compliance

Potentials and limits of negotiability and innovation

Helps understand why rules are upheld or broken

Helps understand how it should be implemented (booth ‘best fit’) and maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where did cleaver (2012) conduct her studies?

A

Nkayi, Zimbabwe - Mtswirini

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Various rules are in place for the water pump, do they work for the people? (Cleaver, 2012)

A

Yes! Despite drought and extreme pressure on the pump these arrangements seems to be relatively effectiv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some of the maintenance rules? (Cleaver, 2012)

A

Keep it clean

Those who constructed it can access water twice a day

Water to be used for domestic purposes only

Rationing rules are applied during dry seasons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are these rules and regulations for water pump established? (Cleaver, 2012)

A

Various cultural/ economic and institutional factors. Complex embedded approach (peters 1987)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What was granovetters (1992) argument?

A

Flexible conceptualisation of embeddness involving the importance of networks of personal relations in shaping action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does (Cleaver, 2012) define institutions?

A

Suggests that institutions are partial,intermittent and often invisible,, being located in the daily interactions of ordinary lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does Giddens 1984 suggests institutions gain there leg impact?

A

Survive partly to the legitimacy bestowed by tradition, the moral command of what went before over the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What was the -invisible institution’ for the nkayi people? (Cleaver, 2012)

A

Shangani river (45min walk from the well)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How was the shangani river a ‘invisible institution’?

A

Like the well there were accepted systems of rules governing use at the river, these practices resembled the rules that went in at the well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How did (Cleaver, 2012) explain the similarities in rules in the shagnai river and the nkayi well ?

A

The political history of planned resettlement meant the people were moved inland, taking there moral ecological practices with them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are some of the examples where the rules for the river and the well were the same?

A

Conditional access

Water was for domestic use

Preserving the quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What were some of the ‘formal’ institutions managing the well?

A

In line with national policy the well was managed by the ‘water point committee’

Line is only connected twice a day forcing all to collect water at the same time and allows regulation

The well was dug up by a NGO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Give a brief history on the water access for the nkayi people. (Cleaver, 2012)

A

Troubled history of water access (droughts, low rainfall, war etc)

Forced migration n 1940-50s during political instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How has the troubled political history of the nkayi impacted well management?

A

Constrain their willingness to provide collective labour and volunteer for positions of authority

Political conflict mean that people have deeply embedded preferences to avoid confrontations

(Think about sen 1985 and human agency in the capability approach, freedom to engage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How has the history of droughts had an impact on current regulation

A

Long experiences of drought has emphasised the importance of people maintaining access to a variety of sources

And being very careful with water use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Is current traditions take same as previous traditions?

A

No past experiences shape rather than determine

Modified by negotiations and practice

People do not accept everything that went on before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Through using past experiences, current negotiations and various forms of institutions, what is achieved?

A

The most natural and desirable process (best fit)

This is not to suggest that this is always strategic, rather as a place based identity and social status

34
Q

Give an example of where a traditional Norm has been changed and adapted from (Cleaver, 2012)

A

Traditional no one was to be excluded from water use, but in reality people are excluded (the people that are not from the area)

There are rules for time of water access but expecting are made

35
Q

(Cleaver, 2012) discusses when exceptions are made for water access for a woman, why did this occur?

A

She had many children and was unable to access pump during hours

She was seen to be a hard working individual

No one disputed it

36
Q

(Cleaver, 2012) argues that when rules are adapted and negotiated it is often what?

A

Not water access that is negotiated rather notions of authority, rights and citizenships and gender roles

37
Q

Why is community decision making important for the community (practice)?

A

Collective decisions ensure collective compliance

Consequences will also be for everyone (fence needs fixing- will need to be fixed or no one gets water)

Lessens the need to monitor and sanctions

38
Q

Is collective community based decisions easily achieved?

A

No- very laborious decision making process, meetings go on for hours

(Rather than having opaque, non confrontation meetings)

39
Q

There is a danger of over romanticising the process, what are some of the problems with these ways of management ?

A

Some actions are only achieved because they are over looking the underlying differences and inequalities

Less powerful members of the community are unable to express dissent (Scott 1985)

40
Q

Who are the various actors and ‘institutions’ in negotiations and decisions making? (5 points)

A

1) traditional chiefs
2) modern systems of authority (ward, village district chairman)
3) new players (teachers, nurses)
4) supernatural and religious beliefs
5) community norms

41
Q

How do they come to an agreement?

A

Drawing on the past legitimises the present

Reflecting back on the war and cooperation between people

42
Q

What is the moral ecological framework?

A

Paying attention to the moral meanings and values attached to human environment interactions and the exercise of power

43
Q

Why is looking at the moral community important?

A

Moral fundamental in orientating human action (Hyden, 2006)

Exercise of power is often legitimised or challenged within moral rather than functional frames of references

Many African societies in an ecological ethnic is embedded with physical, spiritual, and social,landscape

Moral motives are central to human agency

44
Q

Bricolage is important, why?

A

Water management would have been impossible within rigid boundaries- there needs to be a flexible application if rules

It is constructed not through leaders and authority, rather a wider system of the ‘right way of doing things’

Linking human action with natural and supernatural environments

45
Q

Why has there been actors in negotiating statehood? (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

A

Societies copying with limited statehood and political turmoil in the 1990s

Saps and democratisation and decentralisation = local centres

Prolonged absence of the political state

46
Q

Is the idea that the state are external to society a correct assumption? (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

A

No- a wide range of actors, state officials and non state actors are involved in both cooperation and competition

47
Q

Is legitimisation important for state an non state actors? (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

A

Yes, they both need to appear legit but have different legitimisation strategises.

48
Q

Is there one power in negotiating state hood? (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

A

No- domination in never or rarely exerted exclusively by one power (even the poor have power- Scott 2011)

49
Q

Resources can be both tangible and intangible assets such as…(Hagmann and Peclard, 2010

A

Bureaucratic capacities

Knowledge

Control over violence

International networks etc etc

50
Q

How do resource determine who has power? (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

A

Resources vary proportionally amounts different groups p, this determines who has power

51
Q

What are some of the ways to legitimise and gain popular support? (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

A 
Good governance
Human rights 
Democracy 
Anti western ideology 
Religious and cultural ideologies 
Nationalism
52
Q

What are the limitations of managing stuff (resources etc) (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

A

The process of negotiating

Resources (accessing and being able to use them)

And conflicting actors

53
Q

What are mainstream institutions approach to development at the local level? (Cleaver, 2012)

A

Main stream institutions disagree with states being involved in locals in community level action

54
Q

Describe Zimbabwe between the years 1990 and 2010.

A

Decline in reputation and characterised as the worst African state

Despite thins developments in infrastructure, child mortality etc

But the decade was a huge hault for for development over all

55
Q

From the late 1990s what other factors impacted the Zimbabwe economy and development? (7 reasons)

A

Government turned bankrupt after paying war veterans in 1997 ($50 000 each)

SAPS

Fees for health and education

HIV endemic (economical stress on families)

Political conflict with the emergence of the opposition movement in the 90s

2000/2001 (following the disputed elections) international sanctions were imposed on the regime (donor agencies only provide bare minimum aid)

= economic collapse hyper inflation, political oppression, brian drain

2008 elections- violence, shortage of food break down of infrastructure

56
Q

How was 2010 a turning point in Zimbabwe?

A

A government of national unity was established

Zimbabwe dollar was abandoned = improved the availability of goods

57
Q

What problems does Zimbabwe still face?

A

Rehabilitation of infrastructure, economy and political system was going to be a long-term challenge

Slow progress on political governance

58
Q

The district of nkayi was also impacted since 1990, what were some of the impacts/ changes? (Cleaver, 2012)

A

1992 suffered droughts

Withdrawal from the donor community= setbacks

Nkayi district never reflected the national trajectory of post independence development (was a marginal area)

Water sector reforms (catering to the everyone across the water boundaries) stakeholder participation

Zimbabwe principle was to redress colonial injustices so it was those who were previously disadvantaged that were helped p

59
Q

The changes an politics occurrences in the 1990s did what to water resource management ?

A

The need for self reliant creativity was imperative

Necessity to demonstrate the legitimacy of their impoverished arrangements

60
Q

What were some of the issues that cleaver identifies in nkayi? (Political/ institutions)

A

Village development communities collapsed due to political strife

Rural district council just began to revive after years down due to lack of funding

61
Q

What were some of the issues that cleaver identifies in nkayi? (General problems)

A

1 out of 81 dams that actually stored water
80% of boreholes were dysfunctional
31% sanitation coverage
Shortage of skills to manage pump maintain ace (out migrated)

62
Q

What were the impacts for the people of nkayi?

A

Households relying on remittances (SA and Bostwana)

High dependency ratio

Aids death

Food relief was stopped

63
Q

During national decline and crisis, how have social institutions of resource management continued at village level? (Cleaver, 2012)

A

A borehole built by the community known as ‘creche’ was maintained (fenced, collected funds for)

64
Q

The what was the difference between the 90s and 2010 between management of water?

A

The collection of fees.

Previously was thought to be universal access

Drought and development policy advocated ‘community ownership’

65
Q

Have there been problems with this ‘fee collection method? (Cleaver, 2012)

A

Yes- people have opposed and resisted calling in their human rights

Some thought the no exception rule was inhumane (old woman with orphaned grandchildren)

But exceptions were made
Main argument that is made is the over riding jurisdictional reach and how rules should be applied equally and impersonally

66
Q

But there was no sanctions for not paying, why?

A

People needed to get use to the new system

Ethically and constitutionally wrong to exculde people

67
Q

How did they get people to pay then?

A

Persuasion ( traditional headmen and elders were requested to persuade people to pay)

Patriarchal nature

Found that poorer people were more ready to pay then the richer ones

68
Q

Where were the funds for the borehole put?

A

After the hyper inflation and change in the currency when all savings were frozen, people lost faith in banks

Money was put in a plastic bag with a piece of paper writing the sum on it

69
Q

Rules were regarded as flexible and varied according to circumstances rather than upheld impersonally and swiftly, why is this a food feature?

A

Certain amount of reduction in confrontations

70
Q

There were concerns for public accountability therefore…

A

Institutional arrangements were transparent and legitimate (treasurer would be accompanied when counting the money)

71
Q

What old arrangements remained?

A

Whole community meetings

72
Q

Did mainstream institutions (like the Red Cross who set up the borehole) do?

A

Proposed models of consensus (new ways to manage the water)

73
Q

Old traditions + model of consensus meant what?

A

Shifted norms

74
Q

Give an example where norms had shifted

A

Committee proposed a constitution

In the 90s there was a great effort to incorporate everyone into the meetings

But by 2010 they agreed that the constitution should be made even if all households were not present

75
Q

Why were they agreeing to having meetings without every household being present?

A

Significant out migration
Adult mortality
Stresses of securing living during economic crisis

To be taken seriously the community need to respond to NGOs quickly (remember booth 2011)

76
Q

The constitutions held various stamps on it, why was this ?

A

Reflects anxiety about shifting balance of power in politically unstable contexts

The need to demonstrate legitimacy for public meetings

77
Q

Whilst the constitution did introduce new fees the main things stayed the same…what stayed the same?

A

Underlying principle of conflict resolution to ensure peaceful relations

Constant concern for respect

The headman and elders would still try solve problems

78
Q

There was also continuity of authority in social relations…

A

Committee chair members where children of of former chairman

79
Q

What were the changes in authority and linage?

A

1990s a variety of people holding offices related to state were publicly prominent in authorities decision making

2010 - traditional authorities figure dominated (political troubles)

80
Q

Give an example of where externally imposed institutions don’t fully integrate into the community

A

VIDCO

81
Q

There was a shift in moral rationalities by 2010 compared to 1990s, give example s

A

Despite droughts the village had not had a rainmaking ceremony (expensive, people not believing in old traditions anymore)

82
Q

Collective action remained the same, where able to get pump fixed when broken but this was in resilience rather than progress

A

Institutional arrangements are shaped by allocative resources (hagmann and Peclard 2010) resources become weak= institutional channels become weak

(Plurality of overlapping arrangements doesn’t always help either)

Southern Africa (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions