Lecture 3- SADC Flashcards
What year was FLS set up?
1975
What were the different Southern African regionalism?
FLS- front line states
SADCC- southern African development coordination conference
SADC- Southern African Development Community
What year was SADCC set up?
1979
What year was SADC set up?
1992 summit in Winhoek
What were FLS main aims?
1) End apartheid regime in SA
2) End settler govts of SA, Rhodesia, and SW Africa
3) allow weak states to unite and benefit from political and economic security
4) committed to decolonisation process
What were SADCC main aims?
1) reducing dependency on others (esp SA)
2) forging stronger links to create regional integration
3) mobilising resources to promote interstate and regional policies
4) Concentrate action to secure international cooperation within a framework of economic liberation
In 1980 who were the first member states of SADCC Lusaka Declaration? (9 members)
Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe
( BLAMMSTZZ)
At the Lusaka Declaration what goals were described?
1) create regional organisation to bind the 9 members
2) harmonise policies
3) Minimise the the hegemony of SA on the region
4) reject SA’s CONSAS grouping
What was the CONSAS?
Constellation of southern African states set up by SA in 1970 in response to FLS economic grouping
What are Spatial development initiatives?
Infrastructure development plans led by SADCC
What factors influenced regionalism in Southern Africa?
1) breaking away from colonialism
2) the European economic community
What factors did Khadiagala in Saunders (2012) identify as key for regional integration?
1) preferential trade area
2) A free trade area
3) a customs union
4) an economic union
5) a common market
6) and a common monetary zone
What were commonly seen in African regionalism? (Positives)
1) proliferated to foster trade
2) industrial development
3) infrastructural cooperation and shared services
What were some of the general problems states had with regionalism?
1) centrifugal forces of sovereignty and nationalism placed strain on regionalism
2) new African states with new found sovt. had a more gradual approach to regionalism
3) difficult to balance nationalism and super nationalism
How did SA undermine SADCCs aim to “reduce dependency on SA”?
1970s 80s SA destabilisation policy reached its peak. SA sabotaged transport infrastructure in Angola, Mozambique, and Namibia
What were one of the critiques of SADCC and its transport development aims?
It set out to improve all transport links but the focus priority was given to alternative transport routes through Mozambique (because of the strategic significance)
Was SADCC able to boost infrastructural development?
No
What were the main shortcomings of SADCC?
1) focus on transport development at the cost of other sector development
2) continued dependence on the west (aid providers sympathetic towards apartheid conditions rather then wanting to support SADCC)
3) increased dependence on SA rather then decreased
What were some of the problems SADCC was faced by?
1) states narrow national interests
2) SA destabilisation efforts to fight
3) decolonisation efforts continued
4) limited economic objectives depending heavily on the success of decolonisation process
What sets SADC apart from SADCC and FLS?
FLS and SADCC mainly about decolonisation and regional security
But since the demise of the apartheid- SA has been presented with opportunities for deepening the avenues of both economic and security regionalism
How has the involvement of a democratic SA in SADC helped?
Moved away from decolonisation efforts
Ability to draw on the private and public partnerships
Some have argued it provides a stronger leadership
What are the conflicts iPod interest in SADC?
Old guards (FLS security orientated elites) like Zimbabwe’s Robert Mugabe
Vs
New economic leaning technocrats of the new order like SAs nelson Mandela
Give two examples of regional integration projects in southern Africa
Maputo corridor road (Mozambique, Swaziland , and SA)
Lumbombo development (Swaziland and Mozambique)
What are some of the benefits of the Maputo corridor?
1) sustainable growth that allows both countries to compete globally
2) employment creation and regional sustainability
3) attracts investment into the region
4) doubling Mozambique GDP
5) Capital can be raised without governments providing any financial guarantees
6) bringing public and private sectors together
What are the benefits of the lubombo development
1) increasing tourism and agriculture sectors in Swaziland and SA
2) encourages investments into the area
What are some of the requirements for big regional projects to work?
1) good infrastructure
2) reduced bureaucracy
3) encouraged investments
4) (countries need to be on a similar page as one another)
What are some of the advantages of regional cooperation in Southern Africa?
1) so many links already established (railway, water)
2) poor and small countries work better when they can rely on bigger partners (cannot afford rivalry)
3) common technological problems particularly in mining
4) ideology and liberation movements
5) easier flow of investments and economic development
6) common grouping to have a stronger international presence
7) better bargaining powers against large TNCs (eg Malawi vs British American tobacco)
What are some of the problems in regional cooperation in southern Africa?
1) conflicts of interest (guard security vs new economical ideologies)
2) resource patterns are diverse
3) development assets rarely involve all partners
4) different priority areas
5) different countries have different strengths (weaker countries could just become economic backwater)
6) economic financial pools (customs. Charges etc) will it be fairly distributed
7) disagreements over the locations of big projects (Nyasaland and Rhodesia on the location of kariba dam)
6) loss of national identity more so for weaker states (
What are some of the economic and political requirements for regionalism to work?
1) countries need to favour one another over other partners (think about India and china)
2) short term selflessness by wealthier partners in resource allocation to the poor (long term benefits by increasing economic viability of local partners)
3) equal and respectful treatments at summits
3) equal and respect
What argument does Robert Davis (ANC SA) out forward for SA working with SADC?
Looking toward India and china is not beneficial for SA in the long term
If SA wants to move away from agriculture production t manufacturing then it needs to sell to Africa (not china and India)
SADC did not take the usually theoretical procedure to regional integration (common market > single currency > political union) it took a more holistic approach.
A ‘development integration’ was adopted based on three principle
- political cooperation
- functional operation
- market integration
SADC did not take the usually theoretical procedure to regional integration (common market > single currency > political union) it took a more holistic approach.
A ‘development integration’ was adopted based on three principle
- political cooperation
- functional operation
- market integration
Manufactured goods from SA are uncompetitive in Europe and Asia but in demand in SSA, why is this?
Historical links
Geographic proximity
SA have intimate knowledge on the needs and demands of local neighbours
End of apartheid and the impacts of tariff liberalisation programmes in SADC countries
SAPs in 80s and 90s opened up markets
Is SA’s trading with SADC sustainable in the long term?
No- is SADC countries fail to prosper = negative economy = political spillover = decline in trade/ exports for SA
What formalised free trade in SADC and when?
‘Protocols of trade’ established free trade area in 1996 signed by SADC members (not Angola)
What did the protocols of trade 1996 outline?
Liberalise intra-regional trade making mutually beneficial
Eliminate trade barriers, ease customs procedures harmonise trace policies based on international standards
