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BB10007- DR A URRUTIA > LECTURE 7 > Flashcards

LECTURE 7 Flashcards

1
Q

By what date were genes being linked to disease

A

1980’s

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2
Q

Human genome project goal ?

A

Obtain the entire DNA sequence of the haploid human genome

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3
Q

main guy in the HGP

A

Francis Collins

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4
Q

Two ‘players/organisations’ in the human genome project?

A

IHGSC (international human genome sequence consortium ) Francis Collins, and Celera genomics (Craig venter

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5
Q

Difference in techniques used by both organisations?

A
  • Mapping overlapping clones method

- Shot-gun sequencing

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6
Q

Public effort strategy?

A

Human genome (haploid) was partitioned into mini yeast chromosomes. Each chromosome was then sequenced. And assembled using human genome map (genetic)

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7
Q

Sequencing method?

A

1- Partial digestion of DNA which leads to overlapping fragments which is cloned into bacteria
2- This is analysed for markers or overlapping sites into a contig (continuous DNA sequence)
3- assembled stretching
4- A subset of overlapping clones that cover the entire chromosome are selected and fractured and the pieces are cloned
5- put together large large clones and filling any gaps

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8
Q

Second human genome project

A

Player b Celera Genomics - Craig venter. Privately funded and used shot gun sequencing

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9
Q

Method for shotgun sequencing ?

A

1- Genomic DNA is cut into small numerous fragments and cloned into bacteria
2- Each is sequenced
3- overlap in sequence is used to order the cloned
4- Computer programming is used to assemble the DNA sequence

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10
Q

Second human genome project compared to first

A

No markers

no mini chromosomes

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11
Q

when was the haploid genome first sequenced?

A

2001-draft

2004- no gaps

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12
Q

first free living organic to be sequenced

A

Haemophilas influenza

1993

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13
Q

Genomics

A

Study of the genomes

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14
Q

Were the expectations met for the human genome project?

A

No,
we still don’t understand the function of all genes and all genes.
Diagnosis and cure to diseases (genetic) still lots of research to be done.

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15
Q

What does genomics avoid

A

pre-selecting genes based on their function but looking for trends and patterns in DNA sequences

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16
Q

structural genomics

A

Looking at the structure of genes and sequencing (organisation)

17
Q

comparative genomics

A

Comparing genomes between different species. Evolution

18
Q

functional genomics

A

use techniques for accessing levels RNA

19
Q

Expected size of genome?

A

50,000-1000,000 genes

20
Q

how much of the human genome is coding?

A

1.4%

21
Q

Transposons ?

A

short sequences found within DNA in multiple copies. Contain genes which allow the conversion to RNA and back to DNA

22
Q

Majority of our DNA?

A

Has an unknown function.

23
Q

Other genomes which were sequenced around the time of sequencing the human genome

A 
influenza- first - 1995 
yeast- 1995 
worm -1998 
2000-fruit fly 
2002- mouse
24
Q

Homologous

A

Genes which are evolutionarily related

25
Q

Orthologs

A

homologous genes found in different species which have evolved from the same gene in a common ancestor

26
Q

Paralogs

A

Homologous genes which have duplicated within the same organism

27
Q

Accelerate evolution indicates? Low rates of evolution indicates what about a gene?

A

gene under selective pressure to change to become better suited to an organism

highly conserved gene= importance

28
Q

Example of accelerated evolution?

A

Myoglobin, in aquatic animals to increase capture of oxygen

29
Q

transcriptome?

A

All RNA molecules which were transcribed from a genome

30
Q

Proteome

A

All proteins encoded for by a genome

31
Q

ways in which we can analyse the transcriptome?

A
  • Micro array

- Next generation sequencing

32
Q

Method of next generation sequencing

A

Sequence RNA fragments against genome. Shred RNA into smaller fragments. .

33
Q

Microarray method?

A

DNA probes fixed to glass slide. Each spot had a different DNA probe. RNA is extracted from cells, reverse transcriptase to form cDNA which pairs with complementary probe. After hybridisation, colour of the dots which show up on the screen a indicative of the volume of the mRNA present

34
Q

Use of microarray in cancer

A

Can compare the difference of expression of genes between cancer patients and ‘normal’ patients. See where genes expressed which are in control of cell growth replication rates etc

BB10007- DR A URRUTIA (2 decks)

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