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BB10007- DR A URRUTIA > LECTURE 6 > Flashcards

LECTURE 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochondrial disease

A

Can be Fatal

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2
Q

prokaryote bacteria have what structures (organelles)

A

1- Cell wall
2- Plasma membrane
3-Ribosomes
4- FREE DNA

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3
Q

Animal cell vs plant cell

A 
Both have : 
1- mitocondria 
2- plasma membrane 
3- ribosomes 
4- Golgi apparatus
5- Endoplasmic Reticulum 
6- Nuclear envelope and nucleus

Plants have
1- chloroplasts(with thylakoid membrane)

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4
Q

What is contained within mitochondria and chloroplast

A 
Both: 
1- Outer membrane 
2- Inner membrane 
3- DNA 
4- Ribosomes

mitocondria:
1- Matrix

Chloroplast:
1- stroma
2- grana
3- Thylakoid membrane (additional third membrane)

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5
Q

Mutations within mitocodnrial genome?

A

fatal, mitocondrial disease

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6
Q

Why have a lot of the mitochondria and chloroplast genome been incorporated into the nuclear genome?

A

to allow the nucleus to have control over the genes and expression of them

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7
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

cynobacterium (chloroplast) and proteobacterium (mitochondria) entered cells (billions of years ago) via endocytosis. A mutalilistic relationship was developed and both bacterium evolved to become chloroplast and mitocondria.

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8
Q

size of chloroplast genome?

A

80 000, to 600 000 base pairs long.

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9
Q

shape of chloroplast genome

A

circular double stranded, highly coiled but no histone proteins

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10
Q

chloroplasts contain? NOT STRUCTURE

A

rRNA’s, tRNA’s, ribosomal proteins and genes involved in photosynthesis

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11
Q

Most abundant protein on earth

A

RubisCo

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12
Q

Gene arrangement in chromosomes? (pros)

A

operons, gene order of many gene are shared with E.coli

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13
Q

Volume of coding vs non coding DNA in chloroplasts?

A

lots of non coding

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14
Q

Name 3 related characteristics between eubacteria and chloroplasts?

A
  1. antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis in eubacteria so also in chloroplasts
  2. Same proteins are involved in transcription and translation
  3. Genes transcribed in groups (operons)
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15
Q

mitocondrial and chloroplast Phylogenetics use?

A

can track common ancestors and how close related two species are by looking at mitocondrial and chloroplast DN

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16
Q

which evolves more slowly
A) chloroplast DNA
B) Nuclear DNA
C) mitochondrial

A

a

17
Q

Mitochondria containing copies of the genome?

A

several copies

18
Q

size of mitochondrial genome, unique as?

A

6kbp’s to millions of base pairs. VERY LARGE RANGE

19
Q

Histone proteins in the mitochondrial genome?

A

similar

20
Q

how many proteins found in the mitochondria ?How many coded for by the nucleus?

A

40/900

21
Q

Number of genes coded for within the mitochondrial genome? What they code for?

A

40-50 genes. Proteins important for respiration, oxidative phosphoralation, transcription, translation, RNA processing, import of proteins into the cell

22
Q

mitocondrial ribosomes?

A

Different to that of bacteria and eukaryotes

23
Q

Mitochondria variation of DNA between TAXA plant and animal cells?

A
  • Animals and fungi: single, coiled circular DNA molecule
  • Plants: multiple, circular DNA molecules
  • Some species contain mitocondria with a single linear DNA molecule
24
Q

Mitochondrial gene expression variance between TAXA ?

A
  • full strand transcription
  • operons
  • single gene transcription
25
Q

Do fungi and plant mitochondrial DNA contain introns

A

yes

26
Q

size of mitochondrial genome

A

16 000

27
Q

how much of the mitochondria genome is coding ?

A

90%

28
Q

How many promotes per strand?- Mitochondrial genome

A

1

29
Q

Yeast mitochondrial genome size?

A

6X larger

30
Q

2 characteristics of yeast mitochondrial genome?

A

UTR, intergene spacers, alot of introns

31
Q

Plant genome tandem repeats ?

A

Large quantity

32
Q

Respiration dangerous by product ? How does this increase?

A

free radicals, damage lipids and proteins, which contributes to ageing. As age increases mitochondrial function efficiency also decreases, which increases the production of free radicals

33
Q

Most affected tissues by mitochondrial disease ?

A

oxygen hungry tissues- muscle and liver, pancreas, nervous system (brain)

34
Q

Mitocondrial segregation leads to?

A

homoplasmy hetroplasmy of mutated and wild type mitochondria as mitosis occurs.

35
Q

Way in which mitchondrial disease can be treated before a baby is born?

A

Enucleate an egg in which has the risk of mitochondrial disease, insert into healthy egg. IVF and insert into mother where the baby is born

BB10007- DR A URRUTIA (2 decks)

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