Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Define motivation

A
  • driving force behind behaviour

- energises us, directs us towards goals and sustains behaviour

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2
Q

Two types of motivation

A
  1. Primary/biological/innate (satisfy basic needs)
    - built into biology (universal)
    - consequences of deprivation (physical illness, death)
    - e.g. hunger, thirst, sex, sleep
  2. Secondary / psychosocial
    - acquired through experience (individual)
    - consequences of deprivation (unpleasant emotions, psychological trauma)
    - e.g. status, power, achievement
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3
Q

Motivation psychodynamic approach - Freud’s drive/instinct model

A
  • Sex/libido (life) : satisfy needs for pleasure

- Aggression (death): protect self and others

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4
Q

Motivation psychodynamic approach - 2 additional needs

A
  • relatedness (independent of sexual desires): friends and acquaintances
  • self-esteem: driven to feel good about selves
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5
Q

Motivation psychodynamic approach - modern reconceptualisation of drives

A

Wishes: desired states, positive feelings

  • obvious/conscious = hope self will do well
  • less obvious/not cons. = hope others fail

Fears: undesired states, negative emotions

  • obvious/conscious = fear of doing poorly
  • less obvious/uncons. = if I don’t do well, parents won’t love me
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6
Q

Motivation psychodynamic approach - conscious vs unconscious

A

Conscious motives

  • consciously aware of
  • flexible and controllable
  • assessed via self report

Uncons. motives

  • expressed overtime without awareness
  • assessed via projective tests (e.g. Thematic Apperception Test)
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7
Q

Thematic Apperception test

A
  • Present image
  • What is happening? Who are the people? What led to this? What happens next?
  • responses tell something about unconscious motivations, ppl project fears and wishes onto stimuli
  • sometimes highly predictive of future outcomes
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8
Q

Motivation behavioural approach

A
  • Avoid “motivation” label
  • Operant conditioning: reward and punish
  • Though internal state influences reinforcement (hungry vs satiated rat)
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9
Q

Motivation behavioural approach - Drive-reduction theory

A

Behaviour is motivated by desire for drive-reduction:
homeostasis (equilibrium) -> biological needs (food, water) -> drive (internal state of tension) -> goal-directed behaviour (action taken) -> need satisfied

  • Limitation: doesn’t focus on external incentives and ignores other cognitive processes (wants, plans)
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10
Q

Motivation Cognitive approach

A

Goal setting theory

  • goal = desired outcome
  • motivates behaviour
  • maximum job performance occurs under certain conditions:
    1. discrepancy between has/wants
    2. specific
    3. challenging
    4. belief in ability
    5. commitment
    6. continuing feedback for progress
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11
Q

Motivation cognitive approach - expectancy-value theory

A

Motivation is a joint function of value and expectancy
value = how much the goal matters to you
expectancy = how much you believe in own ability

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12
Q

Motivation cognitive approach - self-determination theory

A

Extrinsic motivation = behaviour performed due to external force and external outcomes (e.g. losing weight)

Intrinsic motivation = behave for own sake, personal interest & enjoyment (e.g. hobbies)

*INTRINSIC OVER EXTRINSIC

3 fundamental needs:

  1. competence: feel effective and capable
  2. autonomy: feel free from external control
  3. relatedness: need to belong
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13
Q

Motivation Humanistic approach

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

  • motivated by desire for own growth
  • if needs not met, can’t be motivated by needs at next level

top to bottom of triangle:

  • self-actualisation
  • esteem
  • love/belonging
  • safety
  • physiological
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14
Q

Motivation - Psychosocial Motives

A
Universal goals ppl pursue 
includes:
-relatedness
-agency
- achievement
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15
Q

Psychosocial motives - Relatedness

A

Important for physical/mental health
- lack of social relationships/supprot -> depression, sickness, mortality

  • Attachment: physical and psychological proximity to others -> comfort and pleasure
  • Intimacy: desire for closeness -> self-disclosure
  • Affiliation: interaction with broader social networks -> obtain support, share experiences
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16
Q

Psychosocial motives - Agency

A
  • Achievement motivation

- Power, competence, autonomy, self-esteem

17
Q

Psychosocial motives - Achievement

A
  • Drive to succeed and avoid negative outcomes
  • varies from person to person
  • 3 motives to achieve goals:
    1. performance-approach goal: motivation to attain goals and meet socially defined statement
    2. performance-avoidance goals: avoid failure, especially when publicly observed
    3. mastery goals: desire to master ability
18
Q

Emotion

A
Evaluative response to situation
involves:
- physiological arousal
- subjective experience
- behavioural/emotional expression
19
Q

Emotions - basic

A
  • Universal
  • all other emotions deprived from these
  • all theorists list: anger, fear, happy, sad, disgust
  • some include:surprise, interest, guilt, anticipation, contempt, shame, joy
20
Q

Emotion - physiological arousal

A

Experience emotion

  • arousal: when situations induce emotions e.g. muscle tension, sweaty palms
  • common sense: I tremble because I am afraid (bear -> fear -> trembling )
  • James-Lange: I feel afraid because I tremble (bear -> trembling -> fear)
  • Cannon-Bard: I simultaneously tremble and feel afraid (bear -> brain activity -> trembling and fear)
21
Q

Emotion physiological arousal - Schacter-Singer 2 factor theory

A
  • Emphasised cognitive appraisals (how we evaluate environment + how we evaluate informs us of what emotions we are experiencing)
  • Appraisal of situation used to identify which emotion
  • Physiological changes due to any random changes in environment, therefore cognitively appraise context of situation to label physiological responses as reflecting particular emotion
  • bear -> trembling -> cognitive appraisal -> fear
22
Q

Emotion - subjective experience

A
  • What it feels like to experience particular emotions
  • Varies in intensity (content vs happy vs ecstatic)
  • Individuals differ in intensity
    - extreme upper end bell curve = severe personality disorders
    - extreme lower end = no emotional states, indifferent
  • Emotional experience varies in valence
    - positive affect: try to pursue pleasant emotions, drives pleasure seeking behaviour
    - negative affect: avoid unpleasant emotions, drives avoidance
  • Individuals differ in preference for emotion (e.g. anger unpleasant and pleasant (horror movies, reality tv))
23
Q

Emotional Expression

A
  • Overt behavioural signs of emotion
  • Different ways emotions are expressed: facial expressions, posture, gestures, tone of voice
  • Facial expressions- can assess valence and intensity of emotion from face - also influences emotional expression
24
Q

Emotion regulation

A
Efforts to control emotional states
Regulate emotion before and after occurs 
- reframe: prepares us to experience emotion
- suppress
Gender difference
- Men inhibit fear/sadness
- Women inhibit anger
Social upbringing norms
25
Q

Happiness

A
Not related to age, gender, attractiveness
related to:
- living in democracy (autonomy)
- culture
- social connections
- strong religious faith
- money?