Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho > Lecture 7 & 8 - Renal & Electrolyte > Flashcards

Lecture 7 & 8 - Renal & Electrolyte Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of total body water is intracellular?

A

67%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what percentage of total body water is extracellular?

A

33%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what percentage of extracellular water is intravascular fluid?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what percentage of extracellular water is interstitial fluid?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are some clinical manifestations of dehydration?

A

Affects appearance and function of cells, particularly skin and mucous membranes

concentrated urine
dry skin and mucous membrane
increased thirst
increased body temp
weight loss
dark sunken eyes
impaired consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What effect does dehydration have on the body?

A

A fluid deficit mostly impacts the intracellular compartment,
Severe dehydration can lead to hypovolaemia (low blood volume)
Prolonged hypovolaemia can decrease tissue perfusion and organ failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how is dehydration diagnosed?

A

physical examination of eyes, urine output, BP (hypotensive), HR, tissue turgor, temp, weight

Bloods - urea and electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how is dehydration managed?

A

fluid replacement either oral, IV or SC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does an isotonic solution distribute throughout the body?

A

solution matches plasma concentration so distributes throughout intravascular, interstitial and intracellular spaces (i.e. restore fluid volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does an hypotonic solution distribute throughout the body?

A

lower tonicity than plasma so moves fluid from intravascular space to interstitial and intracellular spaces

(from vessels into cells and space around cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does an hypertonic solution distribute throughout the body?

A

higher tonicity than plasma so fluid moves from interstitial and intracellular spaces into intravascular space (i.e. increase intravascular fluid volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the risk of not correctly managing dehydration?

A

risk of imbalance and fluid overload which can lead to intra abdominal hypertension or compartment syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 4 main causes of oedema?

A
  1. Increase in capillary permeability
  2. increase in blood hydrostatic pressure
  3. alteration of blood osmotic pressure
  4. lymphatic fluid from tissue is obstructed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can cause an increase in capillary permeability?

A

occurs in response to chemical mediators released in response to damage/injury

Intravascular fluid movement into interstitial space

i.e. burns mean a loss of plasma proteins which create low osmotic pressure which promotes movement of fluid to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are common causes of dehydration?

A

Ds and Vs
diuretic meds
diabetes issues
excessive sweat
burns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are common risk factors for oedema?

A

pregnancy (pre-eclampsia)
CHF
Kidney disease
obstructive liver disease
lymphatic obstruction
deep vein thrombosis
chronic venous insufficiency
medications such as vasodilators, NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of oedema?

A
  • Dependent edema - Specific to parts of the body that that are influenced by gravity (legs, feet, or arms)
  • pitting and non pitting oedema
  • weight gain
  • puffiness
  • swelling
  • hypoxemia
  • hypercapnia (high CO2 in tissue)
  • BP alterations
  • tissue perfusion
  • headache
  • convulsions
  • LOC changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are conditions that increase blood hydrostatic pressure?

A

hypertesnion
venous obstruction
excessive fluid intake
diseases characterised by fluid/sodium retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a cause of venous obstruction?

A

Thrombosis or embolism

pressure increases because blood flow is restricted past obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the functional role of sodium in the body?

A

AP generation
conduction in muscle and nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the functional role of potassium in the body?

A

AP generation
conduction in muscle and nervous tissue
body fluid and acid base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the functional role of calcium in the body?

A

strong bones
role in coagulation
neurotransmitter release
muscle contraction
endo and exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the functional role of phosphate in the body?

A

component of blood buffer system
structure of bones and teeth
cell membrane component
energy storage and release
DNA and RNA nucleotide structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the functional role of magnesium in the body?

A

bone structure
co-factor in enzyme reactions
neuromuscular function
nerve impulse generation
normal myocardial function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
what is the cause of hypokalaemia?
skeletal and smooth muscle become hyperpolarised making them more responsive to stimuli = weakness and flaccidity
25
what are the clinical manifestations of hypokalaemia?
gut distension decreased bowel sounds paralytic ilues hypotension cardiac dysrhythmias mental confusion
26
how is hypokalemia managed?
Oral/IV sumpplemenation via pump K sparing medication ECG monitoring
27
what is the cause of hyperkalaemia?
skeletal muscles more excited as resonium A binds with K+ preventing its absorption
28
what are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalaemia?
change in cardiac conduction intestinal cramps diarrhoea restlessness bradycardia
29
how is hyperkalaemia managed?
non K+ sparing diuretics - to increase excretion calcium chloride - reduce membrane potential for dysrythmias Glucose/insulin - reduce serum K+
30
what are the S&S of hypocalcemia?
muscle twitching intestinal cramps seizures laryngospasms cardiac dysrhythmia hyperreflexia
31
what are the common causes of hypocalcemia?
inadequate absorption, excessive excretion or poor availabiity of Ca
32
how is hypocalcemia diagnosed?
Chvostek sign Trousseau sign Bloods ECG
33
how is hypocalcemia treated?
Supplementation PO/IV assess airway due to laryngospasm risk
34
what are signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?
muscle fatigue weakness and flaccidity nausea adn vomiting hyporeflexia altered LOC Kidney stones pathological fractures
35
what are causes of hypercalcemia?
increased absorption decreased excretion shift in Ca from bones to blood
36
how is hypocalcemia diagnosed?
bloods ECG changes
37
how is hypercalcemia treated?
bisphosphoantes/calcitonin - inhibition of bone reabsorption and increase in calcium excretion
38
what are the S&S of hypophosphatemia?
parasthesia hyporeflexia altered LOC bone pain
39
what are causes of hypophosphatemia?
decreased GI absorption shift from blood to cells excessive excretion
40
how is hypophosphatemia diagnosed?
blood tests
41
how is hypophosphatemia treatment?
supplementation PO/IV
42
what are S&S diagnosed?
associated with hypocalcaemia
43
what are causes of hyperphosphatemia?
Increased dietary intake/GI absorption shift from intracellular to extracellular compartments
44
how is hyperphosphatemia diagnosed?
blood tests
45
how is hyperphosphatemia treated?
mylanta PO to reduce phosphate absorption correction of hypocalcemia
46
what are S&S of hypomagnesemia?
muscle twitching hyperreflexia
47
what are the common causes of hypomagnesemia?
inadequate absorption decreased availability of extracellular magnesium excessive excretion
48
How is hypomagnesemia diagnosed?
chvostek sign trousseau sign blood test
49
what are the S&S of hypermagnesemia?
hyporeflexia cardiac arrest flushed skin
50
what are the possible causes of hypermagnesemia?
increased absorption decreased excretion
51
what is the treatment for hypermagnesemia?
glucose/insulin infusion IVF (dilution of intravascular magnesium levels) diuretics
52
what is pyelonephritis?
bacterial infection inflammation of the kidney due to UTI that reaches renal pelvis
53
what are the clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis?
Flank pain fever tenderness nausea dysuria frequency
54
how is pyelonephritis diagnosed?
urinalysis medical imaging
55
how is pyelonephritis treated?
ABs - trimethoprim kidney transplant
56
What is glomerulonephritis?
refers to several kidney diseases characterised by inflammation of glomeruli or small blood vessels
57
what are the clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis?
face puffiness less urination haematuria frequents micturition at night abdominal pain oedema
58
what is the treatment for glomerulonephritis?
high BP meds steroids diuretics reduce intake of salt and K+ dialysis kidney transplant
59
what is urinary reflux?
valve defect essentially causes splash back in ureters causing uteritis
60
what is hypoalbuminemia?
thickening of glomerular capillary wall injured by diabetes resulting in loss of protein
61
what is a common result of hypoalbuminemia?
oedema due to fluid shift from intravascular to interstitial compartment fluid retention also due to reduced plasma volume and reduced glomerular blood flow
62
what is hydronephrosis?
a condition where one or both kidneys become stretched and swollen as the result of a build-up of urine inside them
63
how are renal obstructions caused?
pregnancy kidney stones tumours blood clots infection and inflammation prostate gland enlargement blockages in catheter
64
what are renal calculi?
aka nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis or kidney stones can damage urinary tract or cause hydronephrosis
65
what are the clinical manifestations of renal calculi?
nausea and vomiting flank pain hematuria dysuria urinary frequency
66
how are renal calculi diagnosed?
ultrasound IVP renal stone analysis x-ray calcium oxalate serum/uric acid serum
67
what are risk factors for renal calculi?
infection urinary stasis and retention immobility dehydration increase in uric acid and urinary oxalate
68
how are renal calculi managed?
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy ureteroscope removal
69
what are are the clinical manifestations of AKI?
decreased GFR increased concentration of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine low urine output hyperkalaemia and sodium retention
70
how does dialysis work?
diffuses harmful waste out of body control BP keep safe level of chemicals in body

Patho (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions