Lecture 13 & 14 - Respiratory Disorders Flashcards
what are some factors that decrease resp rate?
increased intracranial pressure
alcohol
narcotics
rest/sleeping
hypocapnia
hypothermia
what are factors that increase resp rate?
anxiety
caffeine
pain
exertion
hypercapnia
fever
haemorrhage
acidosis
lung disease
cardiac disease
young age
What is Kussmaul breathing
hyperventilation
deep and laboured, rapid
seen in ketoacidosis and increase ICP
seen in severe metabolic acidosis which causes hypocapnia
what is Cheyne-Stokes breathing?
deep and laboured breathing that becomes shallower and slower until a period of apnoea = consistent cyclic
can increase risk of cardiac events or cause worsening diastolic dysfunction and dusrhytmias due to SNS stimulation –> hypoxia
what situations is cheyne-stoke breathing most common?
EOL and palliative care
CHF
what is a possible cause for cheyne-stoke breathing?
altered brain stem function
poor cerebral perfusion
what is biot’s breathing?
irregular period of rapid breathing followed by variable periods of apnoea
depth is inconsistent
what can cause Biot’s breathing?
neurological damage
meningitis
increasde ICP
what is cluster breathing?
periods of tachypnoea separated by periods of apnoea
more regular than Biot’s
associated with neurological damage
what is Apneustic breathing?
Slow, regular rhythm of gasping inspiration with a period of apnoea at end-inspiration
when is apneustic breathing more common?
Seen with basilar arterial occlusion with damage to the pons, head trauma or severe stroke
what is central neurogenic hyperventialtion?
Tachypnoea with sustain respiratory rates – about 40-60 bpm
Causes severe hypocapnia and alkalosis
Requires sedation and mechanical ventilation
when is central neurogenic hyperventilation seen?
increased ICP, neurological damage, brain stem dysfunction
what are the 3 types of apnoea?
Central - damage to medulla oblongata
Obstructive - occlusion in airway (obesity, poor pharyngeal tone, foreign body aspiration)
Mixed
