lecture 7 Flashcards
exam prep
match the three definitions with thought, social cognition and cognition
- the internal symbol and language that we use which is conscious (controllable)
We can manipulate it - conscious’ thinking plus underlying nonconscious processes that are automatic (e.g. memory, executive functions)
- “focuses on how cognition is affected by wider and more immediate social contexts and on how cognition affects our social behaviour” (Vaughn & Hogg, 2014, pg. 38)
What does perception, mental representation and conigitons emotions and behaviours fit into what 3 broad ideas?
A: Classical and operant conditioning, Social schema, impression formation
B: Impression formation, social schema, classical conditioning
C: Social Schema, classical and operant conditioning, impression formation
Give an example of an impression formation that is common in society. What are the consequences to this?
- Physcial beauty - what is beautiful = good
- Consequences include:
1. Ppl prefer to meet attractive strangers more than intelligent strangers
2. Ppl help more attractive strangers
What are some components of physcial features within impression formation?
- clothing
- culturally and historically bounded connotations
- status/wealth/power
- authority
- credibility
- enhance/ettenuate other factors in impression formation
What is impression formation?
- What we notice about a person
- what we take in subconsciously about a person
- what aspects of these are most influential
Give an example of how physical features can often have multiple competing associations
- people with baby-face often seen as
1. kind, warm
BUT also
2. less competent, childlike, submissive
How do we know what is going on between ppl without communicating?
- Eye contact
* Provides useful social information - gaze, direction/duration, fixation length, fixation frequency, fixation duration - Facial expressions
* Smiling/frowning - Body language
* Body angle, body movements, personal space etc..
are how we interpret factors (eye contact, facial expressions and body language) the same across all cultures?
A: No, specific to the culture setting
B: Yes, we interpret these factors the same way in every culture
C: Both
How does behaviour contribute in impression formation of other people?
- Direct observation
- Someone sitting quietly/alone at party = shy
- Someone pushing in ahead of you at supermarket = rude
- Behaviour contributes to getting information about someones behaviour from other sources (friends/family/social media etc)
- Billy tells me about Gary who was off work “sick” but was playing golf
- TF gary = untrustworthy
Answer True or false to these following statements
- first impressions are generally automatic and intuitive
2. first impressions are majority of the time correct/aaccurate BUT depends on range of factors
Answer true or false to these folllowing statements:
1. e can also form more considered impressions but required greater effort TF more motivation
2 considered impressions are less accurate when we think being correct is important
3. considered impressions may be less accurate when we have a desired judgement, we seek information that supports this
- True
- False, - considered impressions are MORE accurat when we think being correct is important
- True
How do we get all our information to form an impression?
- we contrust a narrative of the person
cognitive algebra - i.e. we mathematically combine all gathered information to form an overall impression
How do we cognitive algebraically father all the information together? which one is more Accuate ?
- Summation (+3 + 2-2-2) = +1
- Averaging (+3+2-2-2)/4 = +0.25
* Summing up everything gives better impression than averaging all information
how do we take context/sitatuon into account when doing cognitive algebra?
Weighted averaging (see figure below)
- We assign “weights’ or importance to the factors depending on person
- e.g. fighting not so importance = weighted 4
- e.g. Arrogance very importance = weighted 17
According to research, which method is mostly used for cognitive algebra method for impression formation?
- weighted average mostly used
What chatacteristics of the information are most likely to mean it will be included in the impression that is formed?
- salience: information that stands out from the context
- top down factors
- i.e someone is important for you to achieve goals you want -> they become salient - valence: reference to positivity or negativity to the information you get
- order affects
why is negative information so influential to us?
- Because negative information is salient -> i.e. it is uncommon or unusual to us
- e.g. if you ask how someone is going -> if they say im crap, im shit -> you would notice that very well
- Indirectly signifies danger or threat
In terms of order effects, what is primacy and recency effect?
- Primacy and recency effect refer to the order in which information is presented to someone
- Primacy: information given to you is MOST influential at the very beginning of time
- Disproportionately influences final overall impression
- Influences how we interpret later information
- Resistnat to change even when we KNOW its wrong
- Recency effect: information given to you is MOST influences as time PROGRESSES
what is social schemas?
- Think of social schemas like a map -> you want all the thoughts/impressions to be represented in a way that would be useful
- Social schemas -> map, blueprint, schematic
How does the information get into our heads?
A: 1. Pre-attentive analysis, 2. comprehension 3. Focal attention, 4. elaborate reasoning
B: 1. elaborate resonating 2. social attention 3. pre-attentive analysis 4. comprehension
C: 1. pre-attentive analysis 2. Focal attention 3. comprehension 4. elaborate reasoning
Match the following terms with the correct definitions
1. pre-analytive analysis
2. focal attention
3. comprehension
4. elaborate reasoning
A: make connections with other information we perceive and understand
B. not really noticing anything but at the same time we are taking in things subconsciously, unconsciously
C. We suddenly get the information (salience, valence, order effects)
D, embed or assign label to the information we have
- B
- C
- D
- A
how do we mentally represent social schemas?
- Connecting nodes
- Nodes is any piece of information
- Includes: perception, emotion and impression
- When we perceive 2 things together -> stronger connection between the nodes (e.g. classical conditioning)
- When one node is activated -> all the other nodesa connected also become activated
- Overtime nodes get connected to networks
- Overtime can develop into SCHEMAS
what is a schema?
- Cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus including ATTRIBUTES and RELATIONS AMONG the ATTRIBUTES
- A network of social information -> i.e. a map
what are some types of schemas?
- Person schemas
* Specific indivisuals
* e.g. mum, dad, sam, - Trait schemas
* Internal dispositions
* Personality factors (happy, introverted) - Behaviour schemas
* Running, bobsledding
* Discus - Group/role schemas
* Types of group or presided occupants in a group
* Politicians, QUT students - Event “script” schemas -> what to expect when you go somewhere
* Resturant
* Stats exam - Self - YOU!
