lecture 7 Flashcards
exam prep
match the three definitions with thought, social cognition and cognition
- the internal symbol and language that we use which is conscious (controllable)
We can manipulate it - conscious’ thinking plus underlying nonconscious processes that are automatic (e.g. memory, executive functions)
- “focuses on how cognition is affected by wider and more immediate social contexts and on how cognition affects our social behaviour” (Vaughn & Hogg, 2014, pg. 38)
What does perception, mental representation and conigitons emotions and behaviours fit into what 3 broad ideas?
A: Classical and operant conditioning, Social schema, impression formation
B: Impression formation, social schema, classical conditioning
C: Social Schema, classical and operant conditioning, impression formation
Give an example of an impression formation that is common in society. What are the consequences to this?
- Physcial beauty - what is beautiful = good
- Consequences include:
1. Ppl prefer to meet attractive strangers more than intelligent strangers
2. Ppl help more attractive strangers
What are some components of physcial features within impression formation?
- clothing
- culturally and historically bounded connotations
- status/wealth/power
- authority
- credibility
- enhance/ettenuate other factors in impression formation
What is impression formation?
- What we notice about a person
- what we take in subconsciously about a person
- what aspects of these are most influential
Give an example of how physical features can often have multiple competing associations
- people with baby-face often seen as
1. kind, warm
BUT also
2. less competent, childlike, submissive
How do we know what is going on between ppl without communicating?
- Eye contact
* Provides useful social information - gaze, direction/duration, fixation length, fixation frequency, fixation duration - Facial expressions
* Smiling/frowning - Body language
* Body angle, body movements, personal space etc..
are how we interpret factors (eye contact, facial expressions and body language) the same across all cultures?
A: No, specific to the culture setting
B: Yes, we interpret these factors the same way in every culture
C: Both
How does behaviour contribute in impression formation of other people?
- Direct observation
- Someone sitting quietly/alone at party = shy
- Someone pushing in ahead of you at supermarket = rude
- Behaviour contributes to getting information about someones behaviour from other sources (friends/family/social media etc)
- Billy tells me about Gary who was off work “sick” but was playing golf
- TF gary = untrustworthy
Answer True or false to these following statements
- first impressions are generally automatic and intuitive
2. first impressions are majority of the time correct/aaccurate BUT depends on range of factors
Answer true or false to these folllowing statements:
1. e can also form more considered impressions but required greater effort TF more motivation
2 considered impressions are less accurate when we think being correct is important
3. considered impressions may be less accurate when we have a desired judgement, we seek information that supports this
- True
- False, - considered impressions are MORE accurat when we think being correct is important
- True
How do we get all our information to form an impression?
- we contrust a narrative of the person
cognitive algebra - i.e. we mathematically combine all gathered information to form an overall impression
How do we cognitive algebraically father all the information together? which one is more Accuate ?
- Summation (+3 + 2-2-2) = +1
- Averaging (+3+2-2-2)/4 = +0.25
* Summing up everything gives better impression than averaging all information
how do we take context/sitatuon into account when doing cognitive algebra?
Weighted averaging (see figure below)
- We assign “weights’ or importance to the factors depending on person
- e.g. fighting not so importance = weighted 4
- e.g. Arrogance very importance = weighted 17
According to research, which method is mostly used for cognitive algebra method for impression formation?
- weighted average mostly used
What chatacteristics of the information are most likely to mean it will be included in the impression that is formed?
- salience: information that stands out from the context
- top down factors
- i.e someone is important for you to achieve goals you want -> they become salient - valence: reference to positivity or negativity to the information you get
- order affects
why is negative information so influential to us?
- Because negative information is salient -> i.e. it is uncommon or unusual to us
- e.g. if you ask how someone is going -> if they say im crap, im shit -> you would notice that very well
- Indirectly signifies danger or threat
In terms of order effects, what is primacy and recency effect?
- Primacy and recency effect refer to the order in which information is presented to someone
- Primacy: information given to you is MOST influential at the very beginning of time
- Disproportionately influences final overall impression
- Influences how we interpret later information
- Resistnat to change even when we KNOW its wrong
- Recency effect: information given to you is MOST influences as time PROGRESSES
what is social schemas?
- Think of social schemas like a map -> you want all the thoughts/impressions to be represented in a way that would be useful
- Social schemas -> map, blueprint, schematic
How does the information get into our heads?
A: 1. Pre-attentive analysis, 2. comprehension 3. Focal attention, 4. elaborate reasoning
B: 1. elaborate resonating 2. social attention 3. pre-attentive analysis 4. comprehension
C: 1. pre-attentive analysis 2. Focal attention 3. comprehension 4. elaborate reasoning
Match the following terms with the correct definitions
1. pre-analytive analysis
2. focal attention
3. comprehension
4. elaborate reasoning
A: make connections with other information we perceive and understand
B. not really noticing anything but at the same time we are taking in things subconsciously, unconsciously
C. We suddenly get the information (salience, valence, order effects)
D, embed or assign label to the information we have
- B
- C
- D
- A
how do we mentally represent social schemas?
- Connecting nodes
- Nodes is any piece of information
- Includes: perception, emotion and impression
- When we perceive 2 things together -> stronger connection between the nodes (e.g. classical conditioning)
- When one node is activated -> all the other nodesa connected also become activated
- Overtime nodes get connected to networks
- Overtime can develop into SCHEMAS
what is a schema?
- Cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus including ATTRIBUTES and RELATIONS AMONG the ATTRIBUTES
- A network of social information -> i.e. a map
what are some types of schemas?
- Person schemas
* Specific indivisuals
* e.g. mum, dad, sam, - Trait schemas
* Internal dispositions
* Personality factors (happy, introverted) - Behaviour schemas
* Running, bobsledding
* Discus - Group/role schemas
* Types of group or presided occupants in a group
* Politicians, QUT students - Event “script” schemas -> what to expect when you go somewhere
* Resturant
* Stats exam - Self - YOU!
Use the figure on slide 27 to explain how connecting nodes wor
- Smiling node connected to friendly node
- Friendly node connected to happy node
- Smiling + friendly node is strong -> TF someone smiling you will think they are friendly
- Friendly + happy node not as strong -> TF you wont associate someone being friendly as happy
Why do we use schemas?
- Organise our impression and perceptions of people
- Allow us to quickly categorise a person on some universel dimension
- Infer whey they performed a behaviour (defined broadly)
- Predict what type of behaviour they are most likely to perform in the future
What are the two dimensions we use schemas to make judgments about people
- Warmth (intentions to help or harm)
- Basically judgement of whether someones intentions are to HELP or HARM us
- First judgment made about a person
- Negative warm (i.e. coldness, immorality) -> perceived as very informative
- i.e. negative impression formation
- Competence (ability to enact intentions)
- Judgement on whether someone has the INTENT to ACT on thier INTENTIONS
- People are biased towards seeing competence
- Positive competence is more informative
what are some implications with the social cognition model?
- social cognition model assumes that we form impressions which affect how we ACT towards someone
- BUT realistically it is not a one way street
- i.e how we act towards someone is how they will actually behave towards us
Which of the following are the three ways in which schemas can change?
A: Bookkeeping, competence, sub typing
B: convergence, sub typing,, bookkeeping
C: book-keeping, conversion, mental re-representation
D: conversion, sub typing, bookkeeping
D
match the following terms with the correct definitions
- Bookkeeping
- subtyping
- conversion
A: people hold on to the initial scheme until the evidence against it is overwhelming then abandoned for a new one
B: place contextual boundaries around a schema, build a different scheme for other contexts
C: schema gradually changes as more evidence accumulates, overcoming initial impressions
- C
- B
- A
What is the term used when we make an attribution from a behaviour to a characteristic?
A: availability heuristic
B: correspondent inference
C: Bystander effect
D: Belief perseverance
Answer: B
What is the model used to attribute behaviour to external/internal factors?
A: social drive theory
B: Schemata theory
C: covariation model
D: Social identity theory
Answer: C
What are the three types of variables/information used to determine whether someones behaviour is external or internal?
- consensus: refers to whether someones behaviour is similar to others present within the given situation
- distinctiveness: refers to whether or not someone behaves the same way in ANY situation/time
- consistency: referes to whether the behaviour is present when an individual is placed in the same exact situation
when would you attribute someones behaviour as external?
A: consistency LOW, distinctiveness LOW, consensus HIGH
B: Consistency HIGH, distinctiveness HIGH, consensus LOW
C: consistency HIGH, distinctiness LOW, consensus HIGH
C: Consistency HIGH, distinctiveness HIGH, consensus HIGH
Answer: D
When would you attribute someone’s behaviour as internal?
A: consensus LOW, distinctiveness LOW, consistency LOW
B: consensus LOW, distinctiveness HIGH, consistency HIGH
C: consensus HIGH, distinctiveness LOW, consistency HIGH
D: consensus LOW, distinctiveness LOW, consistency HIGH
answer: D
according to the covariation model, can behaviour only be attributed to external or internal factors?
No, sometimes neither external or internal factors are able to explain someones behaviour. Sometimes it is purely situational (Discounting)
According to research what are the 5 cues to make corespondent inferences?
- freely chosen behaviour (no coerced)
- Coerced behaviour
- socially desirable behaviour
- personally impactful (hedonic relevance)
- Directed to or at us (personalism)
- Directed to our close family and members
- Common usually behaviour
- socially undisirable behaviour (non-normative)
- unique or specified effects (non-common)
- freely chosen behaviour (not coerced)
- unique or specified effects (non-common)
- socially undesirable behaviour
- personally impactful (hedonic relevance)
- personally impactful behaviour (hedonic relevance)
Why do we as humans like to make corespondent inferences?
we as humans like to make correspondent inferences about people as they are stable
- because they are stable -> they will always be there
- this increases our sense of control over the world
what is self perception theory?
Self perception theory is based on the idea that sometimes we use how we BEHAVE to determine how we are feeling
- this is usually the case when the feeling is unclear and the behaviour is freely done
what are the two different attribution styles? What do these attribution styles determine?
- The attribution style an individual has influences our behaviour and therefore influences our mental health, work ethic etc.
EXTERNAL: individuals believe they have little control over what happens to them - what happens to them is a result of luck, powerful external agent (boss, government, god)
INTERNALS: individuals believe they have significant control over their destiny, can make things happen, result from talent, hard work, personality, motivation
What is biases? And is there biases within behaviour attribution?
- Biases in attribution of others and our own behaviours
- Biases = SYSTEMATIC PATTERNS OF ERROR in our perceptual and cognitive system
- Mistakes inexplaing someone else behaviour
- Mistakes in explanations for our own behaviour
- Mistakes in explaining our own behaviour outcomes in relation to others behaviour
