Lecture 7 Flashcards
Acclimation
when an individual organism experiences a change in its phenotype in response to an environmental stressor.
Adaptation
when a population experiences a change in its genotype in response to an environmental stressor
Variation between human populations is __ as large as variation between chimpanzee populations
HALF
Ancient Roman historians divided people into three major categories
Civilized People, Barbarians, and Monstrous Individuals
Aristotle
Categorized all life with humans at the top and believed humans each had their own roles or fits
William Gilbert’s De Magnete
The Earth’s magnetism is thought of as a soul
Carolus Linneaeus
Created the taxonomical system we use today. He groups humans with other primates. He put humans into four hierarchically ordered races based on skin color and behavior.
Johan Friedrich Blumenbach
Classified humans into five hierarchical ‘races’ based on skull shape. Came up with “caucasian” as the original form of the human.
Colonialism and Imperialism
Led to “othering”: division between us and them. European sense of rule over lower races and this was all supported by economic incentive and scientific justification.
Scientific Racism
The use of scientific methods to justify hierarchical racial categories.
Samuel Morton
Associated skull traits and physical characteristics with behavior, intelligence, values, and morals. Supported the idea some humans were better than others and justified violent oppression.
Eugenics
Selective breeding of human populations
Franz Boas
Demonstrates that cranial form is not necessarily linked to intelligence or behavior.
Bergmann’s Rule
Animals are larger and thicker in colder climates
Allen’s Rule
Animals have shorter and thicker appendages–such as ears, tails, and limbs–in colder climates.
Human genetic variation is shaped by a history of
serial founder effects
Race is a
cultural construction
Human variation is
clinal and continous
Humans share about __% of our genetic makeup
99
Most genetic variation occurs __ not between human populations
within
