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Microbio > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Gram positive
Cocci
Grape-like clusters
Facultative anaerobes
Non-motile
Capsules and slime layers
Catalase positive
Commonly found in the environment
Slime layer allows bacteria to form a biofilm
Commonly found in hospital settings
Increased risk of nosocomial infection
Normal flora (commensals)
Most commonly on skin and mucous membranes
Skin, eyes, ears
Respiratory tract, urogenital tract, GI tract

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2
Q

Example of staphylococcus

A

S.aureus
MRSA
S.intermedius

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3
Q

hemolysis

A

Damages RBCs and hemoglobin
Most have some degree of hemolysis
Staph pathogenic factor

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4
Q

Coagulase

A

Binds to fibrin and causes clotting
Fibrin can cover the bacteria → helps bacteria to hide and to resist phagocytosis
Also causes pus to thicken
Staph pathogenic factor

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5
Q

Staph is normal flora where

A

Most commonly on skin and mucous membranes
Skin, eyes, ears
Respiratory tract, urogenital tract, GI tract

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6
Q

Staph is what type of disease

A

Primarily opportunistic
Disease occurs when natural defense mechanisms are compromised
Trauma to the skin or mucosa
Inflammation

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7
Q

Mastitis in cows #1 cause is

A

Staphylococcus aureus is the #1 cause of mastitis in North American dairies
Other species:
S. intermedius
S. epidermidis

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8
Q

Mastitis infection occurs due to

A

Opportunistic infection occurs due to:
Poor herd health management
Poor hygiene
Stress of 3rd trimester pregnancy, gestation
Change in diet rations
Lactation - physiological change as well as trauma to teats

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9
Q

Subclinical mastitis

A

subclinical mastitis due to S. aureus:
Difficult to identify and treat
Milk looks and smells normal, mammary gland appears normal, cow is “healthy” on PE
There is decreased total milk yield over time
Increased somatic cell count in milk
Milk may contain low numbers of bacteria
May be infected for months to years

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10
Q

Cannot eliminate S.aureus mastitis due to

A

Uniquity
Normal flora
Very resistant to dying - can survive weeks in the environment
Very resistant to changes in temperature - can survive cold and pasteurisation
Can persist in up to 12% NaCl and survive in 1% phenol for up to 15 min.
Antibiotic resistance

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11
Q

Prevention of mastitis

A

Maintain milking equipment
Better milking practices (teat dipping)
Fly control
Nutritional management
Calving management
Continued screening of herd for chronic subclinically infected cows and removing them from the herd

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12
Q

MRSA stand for and is resistant to

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Resistant to methicillin
Methicillin is an antibiotic
Semisynthetic derivative of penicillin
Was used against bacteria resistant to penicillin
Bacterial resistance to methicillin developed

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13
Q

Types of MRSA

A

Community-acquired MRSA
Hospital-acquired MRSA strains
Hospital-acquired MRSA

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14
Q

How to treat MRSA

A

Bacteria are resistant to a wide range of different antibiotic classes
Very difficult to treat
Patients are typically isolated/quarantined if in hospital to prevent spread
Has become a problem in vet clinics → skin and ear infections
Community-acquired MRSA
Up to 2% of the human population carries MRSA as part of normal flora
Antibiotic resistance is more limited -mostly to the beta-lactam class
Immunocompromised can develop mild illness → difficult to treat

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15
Q

Prevention of MRSA

A

Test before using antibiotics and only use when required
Autoclave materials before reuse
Hand washing

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16
Q

Staph Pyoderma is caused by and is what type of pathogen

A

Commonly caused by Staphylococcus intermedius in dogs
Normal skin flora
Opportunistic infection affects patients with:
Allergies (especially food allergy), atopy
Primary inflammation causes a warm, moist environment that allows normal flora to overgrow
Damages skin barrier so bacteria can enter subcutis
Skin parasites (mites, fleas, lice)
Immunosuppressions

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17
Q

How to collect culture

A

Clean AROUND lesion gently with water and mild cleanser.
Do not use disinfectant or alcohol.
Use a sterile culturette swab to collect sample. If open lesion, rub gently over lesion. If intact pustule, rub hard enough to break open.
If crusted, lift crust to reveal lesion. Avoid fur.
Place in transport media.

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18
Q

Streptococcus

A

Gram-positive
Cocci
Chains or pairs
Non-motile
Facultative anaerobes
Pathogenic species ferment carbohydrates
Catalase NEGATIVE
used to differentiate from Staphylococcus

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19
Q

Capsules

A

Help resist phagocytosis by WBCs
The more pathogenic species and strains have capsules
Strep pathogenic factor

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20
Q

Exotoxins

A

Step pathogenic factor
Hemolysin
Cardiotoxin
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins - Cause toxic shock syndrome
Streptococcal group antigens
Carbohydrates found on the surface of the bacteria
Species are grouped according to markers (A, B,…)
May help in attaching to certain tissues

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21
Q

Strep is what type of pathogen

A

Primarily opportunistic
If present in urine or internal tissues, likely pathogenic
Can be secondary organism in diseased tissue
Present in higher than normal numbers, but did not cause the disease

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22
Q

Types of strep in vet med and what they cause

A

S. agalactiae → #2 cause of chronic mastitis in dairy cows
S. dysgalactiae → summer mastitis
S. uberis → environmental mastitis
S. bovis → ruminal acidosis; endocarditis
S. suis → septicemia, meningitis, endocarditis in pigs; emerging zoonosis
S. equi subspecies equi → strangles
S. canis → skin infections

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23
Q

Gram positive rods two types

A

Spore-forming
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium
Non-spore-forming
Listeria monocytogenes - zoonotic, neurological
Rhodococcus equi - foal pneumonia

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24
Q

Bacterial endospores

A

“Hibernation” stage in certain bacteria
Bacillus spp.
Clostridium spp.
Different from persister cells
Sporulation triggered by starvation
Spore genes are turned on and the genes for metabolism, growth and repair are turned off
Germination triggered by return of water and nutrients
Genes responsible for growth, replication and repair are turned “ON”
Bacteria returns to metabolically active form
Very rapid process

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25
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

Gram positive
Long chain rods
Strict anaerobe
Spore-forming

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26
Q

Physical changes caused by bacterial endospores

A

Thick protein coat develops around nucleoid
Chromosomal DNA condenses
Water is removed from cytoplasm

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27
Q

Bacillus anthracis transmission and exposure

A

Horizontal transmission
Most common route of infection in herbivores is ingestion of contaminated soil while grazing
Gastrointestinal anthrax
Can affect all species
Cattle and sheep most commonly reported
Zoonotic

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28
Q

Anthrax epidemiology

A

Endemic in Saskatchewan since 2006
Environmental reservoir
Soil, water, dried organic matter
Can be aerosolized and spread in air/wind
If flooding or excessive groundwater, can cause spores to reach surface faster and spread

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29
Q

Anthrax pathology

A

Ingested spore enters the small intestine
Germination triggered; bacteria replicates
Incubation period a few hours to 3 weeks depending on infectious dose
Vegetative B. anthracis produces exotoxin that are absorbed into circulation
Toxin #1 –causes severe edema and tissue necrosis
necrotic tissue has decreased oxygen so bacteria can spread
Toxin #2– exotoxin kills WBCs so host cannot fight off the infection

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30
Q

Clinical signs of anthrax

A

Clinical signs are related to tissue necrosis and edema
Most common clinical sign noted is death
Edema toxin causes such severe damage to vessel walls that there is fatal hemorrhage
Death usually occurs in 24-48 hours of start of clinical signs

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31
Q

Anthrax treatment, prevention and control

A

Vegetative form easy to treat with antibiotics
Vaccine available for at-risk animals
Once spores form, very hard to destroy in environment
Control spread of spores
Prevent air exposure
Plug all openings of carcass
Secure head in a plastic bag tied tight around neck
Protect from scavengers
Burn carcass
Anthrax is a REPORTABLE DISEASE
Suspect and confirmed cases of anthrax must be reported to the CFIA

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32
Q

Reportable disease

A

Diseases of public health importance that are tracked by the government
Impact human health, animal health and the economy
Must be reported to CFIA by diagnosing vet or lab

33
Q

Purpose of tracking diseases

A

to identify source of infection
to prevent spread
to track rate of spread

34
Q

Characteristic of reportable disease

A

High mortality or morbidity (often no treatment)
High risk of transmission between animals
Economic importance
Zoonosis
Emerging (newly evolving) diseases

35
Q

Notifiable disease

A

Immediately notifiable diseases
Diseases exotic to Canada or no have no control or eradication programs
Only labs are required to notify
Annually notifiable diseases
Diseases present in Canada but not reportable or immediately notifiable
Laboratories send information to CFIA

36
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

Widespread in nature
Can be found in most species as part of normal GI flora
Different from other Clostridia because is NOT a strict anaerobe
Common cause of bacterial diarrhea:
Most common cause of small animal diarrhea
Scours (calves, lambs, piglets, foals)
Some strains cause a fatal diarrhea in adult livestock (cattle, sheep, poultry)
Associated with antibiotic triggered diarrhea in pocket pets
Zoonotic

37
Q

Diagnosing C. perfringens diarrhea:

A

Commonly diagnosed by in-clinic fecal smear
Swab of rectum or fecal sample
Diagnosis is by over-representation of typical large gram positive rods, with or without spores

38
Q

Gram Negative Rods - Family Enterobacteriaceae

A

Range from non-pathogenic to primary pathogens
Includes most of the intestinal pathogens
Some saprophytic bacteria
Many are coliforms
Facultative anaerobes to strict anaerobes
Flagella → motile
Catalase negative
Can be divided based on ability to ferment lactose

39
Q

Gram Negative Rods - Family Enterobacteriaceae egs

A

Escherichia*
Salmonella*
Enterobacter
Klebsiella
Proteus
Yersinia

40
Q

MacConkeys agar works how

A

Selective – bile salts select for enteric bacteria
Selective – crystal violet inhibits Gram positive growth
Differential – lactose and phenol red identify bacteria that produce lactic acid

41
Q

E.coli characterisitcs

A

Gram negative bacilli
Facultative anaerobe
Motile
Catalase negative
Lactose fermenter (pink on MAC)
Large grey colonies on BA (some are hemolytic)
Normal intestinal flora
Ubiquitous
Coliform
Can survive up to 6 months in manure
Common in organic biofilms
Some strains are non-pathogenic, some are opportunistic, others are pathogenic
Depends on the strain and infectious dose
A strain may be normal flora in one species, but will cause disease if introduced into another species
Eg. EHEC O157:H7
E. coli can cause severe disease if allowed to invade internal organs
Opportunistic, depends on health status of the host

42
Q

E.coli pathogenic factors

A

Endotoxin – triggers inflammation
Capsule – resists drying and phagocytosis
Some strains are hemolytic
Different strains produce different exotoxins
Enterotoxins are toxins that act on the GI tract
Acquired antibiotic resistance
Hospital and community strains of multi-drug resistant E. coli

43
Q

E.coli disease control and prevention

A

Hygiene
Control of feces in the environment
Control fecal contamination of food and water supplies, safe food preparation
Host health
Vaccination
Fecal exposure
Most disinfectants
Pasturization

44
Q

E. coli Diarrhea, Enteritis and Food-Borne Disease

A

One of three most common causes of food-borne illness in people
E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter
Causes bacterial enteritis, resulting in diarrhea
Fecal-oral transmission
Animal-to-animal
Zoonosis
Contaminated meat, dairy and produce

45
Q

Strains of Enteropathogenic E. coli

A

Type and severity of diarrhea/damage depends on the strain and the exotoxin it produces
3 major groups (least to most severe):
ETEC = Enterotoxigenic E.coli
EPEC = Enteropathogenic E.coli
EHEC = Enterohemorrhagic E.coli

46
Q

ETEC stands for and characteristics

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli
There are species specific strains
Part of normal flora in healthy animals
Infection of a susceptible host causes small intestinal,secretory diarrhea
Enterotoxin acts on small intestine cells and causes them to secrete excess ions into lumen
water follows
No physical damage to intestinal cells
Animal becomes dehydrated and loses electrolytes

47
Q

EPEC stands for and is

A

Enteropathogenic E.coli
Attach to the surface of intestinal cells and destroy the microvilli on them
Without microvilli, there is decreased absorption of nutrients causing a malabsorptive diarrhea
Malabsorption of nutrients (and water)
Some microscopic damage to the intestines
Diarrhea is mucoid and can be chronic
Rabbits, humans, dogs most affected

48
Q

EHEC stands for and is

A

Enterohemorrhagic E.coli
Bacteria produce Shiga toxin
Enters intestinal cells and blocks protein synthesis
Loss of intestinal epithelial cells results in ulcers and bleeding
Result is hemorrhagic diarrhea
Many strains of EHEC are part of normal GI flora in veterinary species, but cause enteritis if transmitted to other species
Certain strains of EHEC can cause significant disease in calves and piglets

49
Q

EHEC O157:H7

A

AKA “hamburger disease”
Part of normal flora in 30% of cattle
Causes a zoonotic hemorrhagic enteritis in people
Transmission: food-borne
Beef (especially ground beef)
Plants fertilized with contaminated manure
Feces contaminated milk, unpasteurized milk
O157:H7 contamination of meat and produce is responsible for millions of $ of recalls annually
Illegal to sell meat with this strain of E. coli

50
Q

E. coli O157:H7 Prevention

A

General prevention:
Hygiene during food processing and food handling
Meat and produce inspection
Avoid undercooked ground beef
Avoid unpasteurized milk
Wash raw fruits and vegetables
Bacterial counts in fertilizer
Targeted prevention:
Cannot treat cattle due to normal flora, but can decrease the normal flora load that is made up of O157:H7
Cattle-specific vaccines
Vaccine is specific to the O157:H7 strain
Boosts immune system to recognize and decrease numbers of specific strain
Decreases shedding of E. coli O157:H7
Reduction of human cases 50-85% in tests

51
Q

Raw meat based diets

A

Diet trend in dogs
Part of the holistic and naturopathic movement
Large portion of dogs fed RMBD will shed pathogenic/zoonotic E. coli in their feces and saliva
Concern if anyone is immunocompromised

52
Q

E. coli - Neonatal Septicemia

A

Most common Gram negative cause of septicemia
Most susceptible are foals, calves, piglets lacking colostrum
Can also occur in healthy neonates that ingest large quantities of fecal matter
Infection enters through the umbilicus or ingestion of fecal matter
→blood→ lungs, liver, spinal cord, heart, kidneys
Diagnosis is usually by culturing internal organs, such as liver

53
Q

Coliform mastitis

A

Acute, severe clinical mastitis
Any member of Enterobacteriaceae, E.coli most common
Environmental mastitis
Associated with fecal contamination of bedding
Fecal E. coli→ infects mammary glands → colonization in milk → can reach peak numbers in hours
Most cases, infection is cleared by immune system with only mild clinical signs
In few cases, severe acute inflammation occurs
High numbers of bacteria release large amount of endotoxin
Can be local (mammary gland) → severe damage
Or can spread systemically –> endotoxic shock
Form of mastitis most likely to cause cow death
Endotoxic shock
Eurhanasia (loss of gland, pain, inability to treat)

54
Q

Coliform mastitis treatment and prevention

A

Treatment:
Fluids, stripping infected gland
Often clinical course is too rapid to start effective antibiotic treatment
many antibiotics are not allowed in food animals
Prevention:
Hygiene
Vaccine given in dry period

55
Q

E.coli in poultry

A

E. coli can penetrate the eggshell and infect the yolk sac → spreads to embryo
Will cause death of embryo
Cellulitis in broilers
Bacteria from feces enters via scratches and wounds in skin
Most commonly affects breast and around the anus
Infection of skin, subcutaneous and muscle → cellulitis
Tissue becomes pale, yellow, white, firm
Birds are condemned and cannot be eaten

56
Q

E.coli and UTIs is and risk factors

A

Common cause of UTIs
Issues with multi-drug resistant E. coli strains
Both community-acquired and hospital-acquired multi-drug resistance
E. coli can produce urease enzyme which is secreted into urine and increases pH to 7.5
Can lead to secondary struvite formation
Risk factors:
Female anatomy; estrus; fecal contamination
Urinary catheterization; poor cystocentesis technique

57
Q

UTIs treatment

A

Treatment depends on strain
Most are easily treated
Community-acquired multidrug resistant strains are harder to treat
Nosocomial hospital-acquired multi drug-resistant strains are very hard to treat
Identification of Gram negative rods on urine microscopy is an indication to send for culture and sensitivity

58
Q

Diagnosis of pathogenic E.coli

A

Can be difficult since it is normal flora and ubiquitous
Culture
Testing for specific strains
Testing for specific enterotoxins
Testing for antibiotic sensitivity
E. coli has lots of plasmid-based antibiotic resistance
Post-mortem samples MUST be from freshly dead animals
Intestinal bacteria (especially Clostridium and E. coli) spread rapidly post-mortem

59
Q

Salmonella characteristics

A

Gram negative
Rods
Facultative anaerobe
Motile due to flagella
Non-lactose fermenting on MacConkey’s
Fastidious – May require special transport media
Enteric, coliform
Primary pathogen
Found in all animal species
Present in very low numbers in intestines and feces of most NORMAL, HEALTHY domestic animals but is NEVER considered normal flora
Animals are asymptomatic carriers
Animal reservoirs are maintained by animal-to-animal spread and the use of Salmonella-contaminated animal feeds

60
Q

Salmonellosis is and 3 types

A

Diseases caused by Salmonella enterica
3 types of clinical disease:
Enteritis – Secretory diarrhea
Septicemia
Enteric fever
Pathology and clinical disease are similar in people and animals

61
Q

Transmission and infection of salmonella

A

Reservoir is asymptomatic carriers
Shed intermittently when stressed
Feces, egg, milk, contaminated meat
Most common transmission:
Fecal-oral
Food borne
Direct from pet reptiles/turtles to peopl

62
Q

Salmonellosis enteritis

A

Most common clinical presentation
6-48 hours after minimum infectious dose
Nausea, fever, vomiting, cramps
Secretory diarrhea
Bacteria infect cells and alter electrolyte absorption
minimal damage to the intestinal cells
Last 2 days to 2 weeks, then will resolve if host is otherwise healthy
Animal may continue to shed bacteria for a long time after clinical stage resolves

63
Q

Salmonella zoonosis

A

Salmonella is one of the major causes of food-borne illness in people
Sources of food-borne infection include:
Contaminated poultry, eggs and dairy
Children acquire bacteria most commonly by fecal-oral transmission from contaminated animal feces
especially from turtles, lizards
Other sources include contaminated water, rodents, wild fowl

64
Q

Mycobacterium is and cell structure

A

Genus contains a number of bacteria that cause serious disease
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Bacteria cell structure
Very small rods
Colonies can form hyphae
Distinct cell wall
Outermost layers of cell wall contain a lipid layer and a wax layer (mycolic acids)
“ACID FAST”
Stain with acid fast technique – penetrates wax layer
Do not stain properly with Gram stain
Resistance
Wax layer is very protective
Lots of antibiotic drug resistance
Very resistant to pH change, detergents, drying
IMMUNOGENIC
Great at activating inflammation
Purified cell wall is a component added to many vaccines to enhance immune activity

65
Q

Mycobacterium characteristics and generation time

A

Aerobic
Non-spore forming
Nonmotile
Catalase positive
VERY LONG generation time
Fast growing species produce visible colonies in 7 days
Some species can take 2 years to produce colonies

66
Q

Bovine tuberculosis

A

M. bovis
10% of infected animals develop clinical disease
90% are latent infections
Hard to identify
Can spread infection
Slow progressive lung disease - eventually fatal
Hard to treat due to drug resistance
Reservoirs in wildlife (deer, elk)
Can spread to most other mammals, including people
Most common route of transmission: respiratory

67
Q

Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis

A

Post-mortem necropsy
Presence of tubercules + culture
Tuberculin testing
CFIA-certified test
Tuberculin (cell wall extract from the bacteria) is injected into skin
Animals that have been infected for at least 1 month will respond to the tuberculin and create an inflammatory lesion at the injection site
Identifies both silent carriers and clinically affected animals

68
Q

Is bovine TB reportable

A

Reportable Disease (Canada and USA)
Suspicion of bovine TB must be reported
Mandatory testing of herds in high risk areas
Riding Mountain National Park, MB
Large population of infected elk
If suspect animals found at slaughter, herd will be tested by CFIA

69
Q

Control of spread of bovine TB

A

Quarantine
Investigation
Positive animals and all exposed, susceptible animals are destroyed on premises
Cleaning and disinfection
No restocking for 45 days
Producers are compensated per head

70
Q

Mycoplasma cell characteristics

A

Smallest prokaryotes
0.3- 0 .8 micron diameter
Structurally simple
Lack cell wall
Pleiomorphic
Simple genome
470 - 700 genes
Limited genes – limited enzymes = limited functions that cell is able to carry out
Has complex nutritional requirements
Lots of essential aa and cofactors
Require external sources of sterols
Can hijack host cell’s enzyme pathways

71
Q

Mycoplasma diseases

A

Different species of Mycoplasma infect different hosts, different tissues within the host and cause different diseases
Difficult to treat because:
No cell wall
Few enzymes to target with drugs

72
Q

Mycoplasma anemia is caused by and causes

A

Mycoplasma haemofelis
Infect RBCs; surface attachment
Small blue to purple “dots” on the surface of RBCs
Can find with Diff-Quick stains
Usually cocci, can be a ring-shaped, cocco-bacilli
Less often in the cytoplasm
Causes anemia
Immune system attacks RBCs that have the Mycoplasma
Initial diagnosis is usually on erythrocyte morphology
Species-specific, but similar diseases in cattle, dogs, people, mice
Can spread via arthropod vectors
Ticks, lice, mosquitoes

73
Q

Is Salmonella a primary, or opportunistic pathogen?

A

Primary

74
Q

How do children commonly acquire Salmonella bacteria?

A

Fecal-oral contamination

75
Q

What is the gram reaction for Mycobacterium?

A

Doesn’t gram stain
Use acid fast instead

76
Q

Name a reservoir for Bovine Tuberculosis.

A

Wildlife

77
Q

Why are Mycoplasma diseases difficult to treat?

A

No cell wall
Few enzymes to target with drugs

78
Q

Do questions on slides

A

answers in google docs

Microbio (11 decks)

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