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Genetics > lecture 7 > Flashcards

lecture 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

primary sex determination

A

determination of gonads

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2
Q

secondary sex determination

A

determination of male and female phenotypes by the hormones produces by the gonads, and the formation of the male and female duct systems and external genitalia

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3
Q

what are the male and female gonads formed from?

A

the biopotential gonad

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4
Q

what houses the genetics information for “maleness”?

A

the Y chromosome

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5
Q

what is the early embryo considered?

A

hermaphroditic

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6
Q

how many weeks does it take to form either ovaries or testes from the biopotential gonads?

A

5 weeks

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7
Q

what does the SRY gene encode?

A

transcription factor that organizes bipotential gonads into testes

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8
Q

does the SRY gene have a certain window of time it needs to function in?

A

yes

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9
Q

what does the “pre-ovaries” produce?

A

estrogen

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10
Q

what does estrogen do for the pre-ovaries?

A

enables the mullerian duct to form the uterus, oviducts, cervix, and the upper portion of the vagina

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11
Q

AMH

A

mullerian inhibiting factor

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12
Q

what does AMH do?

A

destroys the mullerian duct

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13
Q

what do the testes secrete?

A

AMH and testosterone

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14
Q

testosterone

A

activates the formation of the penis, male duct systems, and inhibits the development of breast primordia

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15
Q

what is an androgen insensitivity?

A

when a person has the SRY gene but has a mutation in the testosterone receptor which allows them to respond to estrogen; causes female phenotype.

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16
Q

PARs

A

pseudoautosomal regions

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17
Q

where are PARs located?

A

on both ends of the Y chromosome, share homology with regions on the X chromosome

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18
Q

when can PARs recombine with the X chromosomes?

A

meiosis

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19
Q

pairing region

A

critical for segregation of X and Y chromosomes during male gametogenesis

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20
Q

how are genes within PARs inherited?

A

in an autosomal fashion

21
Q

dosage compensation

A

females may produce twice as much product for x-linked genes

22
Q

what can dosage compensation cause?

A

genetic dosage between genders

23
Q

barr bodies

A

compensates for X chromosome dosage disparities

24
Q

where are barr bodies located?

A

lies against nuclear envelope of interphase cells

25
Q

what do barr bodies help with?

A

dosage compensation

26
Q

Xic

A

contains 4 genes including Xist and Tsix

27
Q

where is the Xic gene located?

A

on the inactivated X chromosome

28
Q

Xist

A

RNAs that coat the inactivated X chromosome

29
Q

Tsix gene

A

encodes a ncRNA and antagonizes Xist RNA

30
Q

what sex chromosomes do drosophila have?

A

same as humans (XX for females, XY for males)

31
Q

does the Y chromosome determine sex in drosophila

A

no

32
Q

what type of drosophila do not have Y chromosomes

A

C. elegans

33
Q

how is sex determined in drosophila?

A

ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes , 2 for females, 1 for males

34
Q

what does 3 sets of autosomes and 2 X chromosomes mean in drosophila?

A

the fly is a mosaic

35
Q

what is the genetic balance theory?

A

threshold of maleness is reached when the ratio is X:A

36
Q

what are the 2 sexual phenotypes for C. elegans?

A

males (1 X chromosome) and hermaphrodites (2 X chromosomes)

37
Q

ZW sex determination system

A

where males are the homogametic sex

38
Q

what cell determines the sex of offspring in the ZW system?

A

oocyte

39
Q

who follows the ZW sex determination system?

A

birds, snakes, and moths

40
Q

how many sex chromosomes do those in the monotreme system have?

A

10

41
Q

haplodiploid sex determination

A

males develop from unfertilized eggs and females come from fertilized eggs

42
Q

what follows the haplodiploid sex determination?

A

hymenoptera, thrips

43
Q

case I of temperature sex determination

A

low temperature produce 100% females

44
Q

case II of temperature sex determination

A

high temperatures produce 100% females

45
Q

case III of temperature sex determination

A

low and high temperatures produce 100% females, but intermediate temperatures produce males

46
Q

what species are temperature sex determination seen in?

A

crocodiles, turtles, and lizards

47
Q

thermosensitive period

A

critical period of incubation

48
Q

what has a profound influence on sex determination in reptiles?

A

environment, temperature, and enzymes which can be inhibited by temperature

49
Q

aromatase

A

coverts androgens into estrogens

Genetics (7 decks)

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