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Premidterm Micro - Term 3 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Flora:

A

endogenous microorganisms that live on another living

organism without causing disease

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2
Q

Pathogen:

A

an organism that can cause disease

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3
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

are usually non-pathogenic organisms that
cause serious disease in immuno-compromised individuals or when in
other locations

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4
Q

Virulence Factors

A

are bacterial features that contribute to infection

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5
Q

Pathogenesis -

A

is the mechanism by which infections lead to symptoms

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6
Q

Microbiome

A

microorganisms and their genes

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7
Q

Microbiota

A

refers to the microbes

themselves

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8
Q

How does normal flora prevent colonization of pathogens

A

competing with them
for essential nutrients and attachment
sites

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9
Q

What normal flora can be found on the skin

A

Staphylococcus

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10
Q

What normal flora can be found in the stomach

A

E.coli

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11
Q

dysbiosis

A

When the body has altered microbiota

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12
Q

Give an example of dysbiosis

A

Clostridium difficile infection

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13
Q

How does clostridium difficile cause infection

A
  • it contains endospores that can survive the acidity of the stomach
  • It flourishes in the colon
  • Toxins A and B cause mucosal damage
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14
Q

Primary infection:

A

Initial infection with an

organism in the host. E.g., “Strep” throat

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15
Q

Reinfection:

A

Subsequent infection by the

same organism in the host (after recovery)

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16
Q

Secondary infection:

A

An infection that follows
on from, or is the indirect result of another
infection

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17
Q

Superinfection:

A

Secondary infection that
occurs during treatment of a primary
infection

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18
Q

what are examples of virulence factors

A
  • adhesion
  • invasion
  • competition
  • resistance
  • secretion factors
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19
Q

What structures mediate the

attachment of bacteria to mucosal or other surfaces

A

Pilli or fimbriae

20
Q

What structure mediates motility of bacteria

A

Flagella

21
Q

True or false shigella is amphitrichous

A

False , it does not have any flagella

22
Q

The difference between Monotrichous and Lopotrichous

A
  • Mono means 1 flagella

- Lopo means more than one

23
Q

Slime Layer

A

not well organized

24
Q

Capsule

A

well organized

25
Q

How does a capsule or slime layer help an organism

A

Helps it resist environmental insults

26
Q

when are bacterial endospores formed

A

Formed during harsh environmental growth conditions

27
Q

why are bacterial endospores highly resistant to desiccation, chemicals, hot/cold temps

A

Dipicolinic acid

28
Q

which two Gram-positive genera form spores:

A
  • Bacillus

* Clostridium

29
Q

Bacterial Biofilm

A 
Slimy extracellular
matrix produced by
the bacteria
• Biofilm composed
of extracellular
polymeric
substances (EPSs)
30
Q

Type 3 Secretion System T3SS

A

acts as a “needle” to inject effector proteins
into host and modifying host cellular characteristics
-found in gram negative bacteria

31
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

a bacterial enzyme which breaks down the connective tissue component

32
Q

Hemolysins

A

a bacterial enzyme which break down a variety of

host cells, including red blood cells

33
Q

Exotoxins

A

Toxins produced by bacteria that are secreted into

the environment

34
Q

A/B-type Toxin(exotoxin)

A

: A “active” subunit and B “binding” subunit

35
Q

B-subunit

A

binds to specific host cell receptor, leading to internalization

36
Q

A-subunit

A

disassociates from B-subunit in host cell and targets cellular function

37
Q

Membrane disrupting toxin(exotoxin)

A
  • Cytotoxin secreted by bacteria from local infection
  • Toxin acts by forming pores in host cell membrane
  • Cytotoxin causes localized inflammation and damage
38
Q

Super-Antigen (exotoxin)

A

Non-specific activation of T cells leads to massive cytokine

release, causing Toxic Shock

39
Q

• Enterotoxins

A

found in the intestinal mucosa (e.g.,

in the pathogenesis of Vibrio cholera)

40
Q

• Neurotoxins:

A

which occur in nerve tissues where
they cause neurological damages (e.g., in the
pathogenicity of Clostridium tetani)

41
Q

• Cytotoxins

A

are normally found in the general
tissues of the body where they cause a series of
local and systemic damages

42
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

DNA replication of virus takes place independently from the host DNA replication

43
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

DNA replication of the virus takes place along with the host DNA replication

44
Q

Endotoxins

A

microbial toxins which are produced only on
cell lysis (cell death)
-can cause sepsis

45
Q

How do endotoxins produce their effect

A

activating the

complement system by the alternative pathway

46
Q

Describe the multi disease process

A
  • incubation period (no symptoms)
  • prodromal period
  • illness
  • decline
  • convalescence

Premidterm Micro - Term 3 (4 decks)

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