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Physiology exam 5 (Sabryna) > Lecture 65 > Flashcards

Lecture 65 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary unit regulates functions of what 3 glands

A

thyroid, adrenal, reproductive glands

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2
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary unit controls s growth, _______, and osmo _______

A

milk production/ejection; osmoregulation

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3
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary unit: What kind of connects are there

A

Neural and vascular connections

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4
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary unit: Hormones produced by hypothalamus stimulate/inhibit release of hormones by

A

pituitary (particularly anterior poriton)

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5
Q

List the 2 lobes of the Pituitary

A

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

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6
Q

The stalk connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is called the

A

Infundibulum

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7
Q

Anterior lobe of pituitary lobe is called the

A

adenohypophysis

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8
Q

Posterior lobe of pituitary lobe is called the

A

neurohypophysis

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9
Q

what are the parts of the adenohypophysis

A

pars tuberalis- in infundibular stalk, pars intermedia, pars distalis

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10
Q

what are the parts of the neurohypophysis

A

pars nervosa and infundibular stalk

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11
Q

Hypothalamic functions coordinated key functions such as

A

thirst, appetite, temperature regulation, autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

List some factors that influence the hypothalamus

A

Pain, sleep, emotions (fear, rage), olfactory, light, thoughts

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13
Q

List some Neurotransmitters that influence the hypothalamus

A

Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, GABA, _-endorphin

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14
Q

T/F the hypothalamus is randomly responding to information from areas like heart, repro, or GIT

A

F; constantly responding

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15
Q

Pituitary sits beneath hypothalamus in the _______

A

sella turcica (bone socket)

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16
Q

what part of the pituitary contains neurons descending from hypothalamus (supraoptic and paraventricular areas)

A

Posterior pituitary

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17
Q

(neurohypophysis)

A
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18
Q

what part of the pituitary is derived from neural tissue

A

Posterior pituitary

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19
Q

(neurohypophysis)

A
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20
Q

Posterior pituitary

A
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21
Q

(neurohypophysis): Hormones synthesized in hypothalamus and transported down axons secreted in the posterior as neuropeptides at the _______

A

Capillary plexus

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22
Q

what part of the pituitary is derived from primitive foregut tissue

A

Anterior pituitary

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23
Q

(adenohypophysis)

A
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24
Q

Hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate anterior pituitary function released from

A

terminal axons at the median eminence(where neurons end)

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25
Q

what two types of hormones regulate anterior pituitary function

A

Hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting hormones

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26
Q

Anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis) have what and what hypophysial portal vessels

A

Long (located at median eminence) & short (located at lower infundibular stem) DOES NOT GO TO GENERAL CIRCULATION

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27
Q

Anterior pituitary is a collection of _______ cells

A

endocrine

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28
Q

Connection at the Anterior pituitary is both _______ and _______

A

neural and endocrine

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29
Q

What is the blood supply to the Anterior pituitary

A

venous blood directly from hypothalamus via portal system of capillaries

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30
Q

Hypothalamic hormones delivered what to anterior pituitary in _______ concentration

A

directly; high

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31
Q

Hypothalamic hormonesgenerally don’t appear in what

A

systemic circulation

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32
Q

Releasing and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus released into hypophyseal portal veins at

A

median eminence

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33
Q

Hypothalamic hormone: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH) stimulates

A

Anterior pituitary hormone: thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) & prolactin

34
Q

Hypothalamic hormone: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH) stimulates

A

Anterior pituitary hormone: luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

35
Q

Hypothalamic hormone: Corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH) stimulates

A

Anterior pituitary hormone: adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

36
Q

Hypothalamic hormone: Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates

A

Anterior pituitary hormone: growth hormone (GH)

37
Q

Hypothalamic hormone: Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) inhibits

A

Anterior pituitary hormone: GH, prolactin

38
Q

Hypothalamic hormone: Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) stimulates

A

Anterior pituitary hormone: prolactin

39
Q

Hypothalamic hormone: Dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting factor) inhibits

A

Anterior pituitary hormone: prolactin (primary inhibitor of prolactin), ACTH

40
Q

Hypothalamic hormone: Dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting factor) stimulates

A

Anterior pituitary hormone: GH

41
Q

_______ is the release point for hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus with ultimate release from posterior pituitary

A

capillary plexus

42
Q

Trophic cells of the anterior pituitary include (5) and where do they “aggregate”

A

Thyrotrophs, Gonadotrophs, Corticotrophs, Somatotrophs, Lactotrophs; aggregate in regions within the anterior pituitary

43
Q

Trophic cells of the anterior pituitary: Secretion of hormones is what in response to hypothalamic hormones. Some may have what variation

A

episodic (release of hormones or other biological signals in bursts or pulses rather than in a steady); diurnal (more in morning)

44
Q

Somatotrophs make what hormone product

A

growth hormone

45
Q

Lactotrophs make what hormone product

A

prolactin

46
Q

Corticotrophs make what hormone product

A

corticotropin

47
Q

Thyrotrophs make what hormone product

A

TSH and free alpha subunit

48
Q

Gonadotrophs make what hormone product

A

FSH, LH, free alpha subunit

49
Q

anterior pituitary hormone: TSH goes to what target tissue

A

Thyroid gland (T3, T4)

50
Q

anterior pituitary hormone: LH goes to what target tissue

A

Gonads (testosterone, estrogen)

51
Q

anterior pituitary hormone: ACTH goes to what target tissue

A

Adrenal glands (cortisol)

52
Q

anterior pituitary hormone: GH goes to what target tissue

A

All tissues (muscle, adipose, etc)

53
Q

anterior pituitary hormone: Prolactin goes to what target tissue

A

Mammary glands and gonads

54
Q

anterior pituitary hormone: FSH goes to what target tissue

A

gonads

55
Q

Regulation of thyrotroph secretion (TSH): Stimulators of TSH

A

TRH (from hypothalamus) and Decreases in T3, T4

56
Q

Is T3 or T4 the active form? Which is more potent

A

T3

57
Q

what is the stimulus for the hypothalamus to secrete TRH

A

thermal and caloric signals

58
Q

Regulation of thyrotroph secretion (TSH): Inhibitors of TSH

A

Dopamine, Somatostatin, Increases in T3, T4

59
Q

what hormone stimulates Gh secretion

A

Dopamine

60
Q

ACTH initially secreted as

A

pre-pro-hormone Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

61
Q

ACTH intermediate

A

pro-hormone

62
Q

T/F Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gives rise to multiple hormones it just depends on route and enzyme

A

T; main one is ACTH

63
Q

(also melanocyte-stimulating hormone)

A
64
Q

Regulation of corticotroph secretion (ACTH): Stimulators of ACTH

A

CRH, Decrease in cortisol, ADH, Stress

65
Q

How does ADH stimulate ACTH

A

modulates the release of ACTH to affect cortisol release in response to stress, particularly pregnancy and lactation

66
Q

Regulation of corticotroph secretion (ACTH): Inhibitors of ACTH

A

Increase in cortisol, ACTH, Somatostatin, Dopamine

67
Q

neurons controlling release of dopamine can be lost in _______ disease relative to horses

A

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) horses

68
Q

what area is responsible for the secretion of ACTH in horses? in dogs?

A

Horse its thepars intermedia of anterior pituitary; Dog its the pars distalis of anterior pituitary

69
Q

T/F in normal circumstances dopamine inhibits ACTH (tonic)

A

T

70
Q

In PPID, neurons control the release of dopamine degenerate and what happens to ACTH

A

inhibition of ACTH is lost (cells producing ACTH are hyperactive)

71
Q

Regulation of gonadotrophic hormones: LH and FSH regulate development, growth, _______ processes and sex steroid hormone secretion of the gonads of _______

A

reproductive maturation; either sex

72
Q

Regulation of gonadotrophic hormones: Stimulators

A

GnRH, Activin (stimulates FSH secretion), Pheromones

73
Q

Regulation of gonadotrophic hormones:

A
74
Q

Inhibitors

A

Testosterone, Estrogen, Inhibin, Melatonin

75
Q

Regulation of lactotroph secretion: what stimulates mammary gland development/ milk production and inhibits GnRH

A

Prolactin

76
Q

Regulation of lactotroph secretion: Stimulators

A

TRH, Estrogen, Suckling, PRF

77
Q

Regulation of lactotroph secretion: Inhibitors

A

Dopamine, Somatostatin, Prolactin

78
Q

Regulation of lactotroph secretion: In this case, where does dopamine originate from

A

hypothalamus and secreted onto median eminence

79
Q

Regulation of lactotroph secretion: Tonic inhibition of Dopamine in individuals who are NOT _______ or _______

A

pregnant or lactating

80
Q

do we know much about PRF yet

A

nope

81
Q

what inhibitor is lost in PPID in horses

A

DOPAMINE!!

Physiology exam 5 (Sabryna) (18 decks)

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