Lecture 6 'Visual Displays'

Question 1

Overall _____ of control arrangement is more important than individual locations.

Answer 1

PATTERN

Question 2

What are the four types of compatibility?

Answer 2

1. Conceptual compatibility
2. Stimulus-response compatibility / Display-control compatibility / Movement compatibility
3. Modality compatibility

Question 3

A sign of a knife and fork can be described as a ____________ mapping; an arrow sign can be described as an _________ mapping; whereas a question mark sign is considered _________.

Answer 3

representational
abstract

arbitrary (based on cultural connotations)

Question 4

What are the limitations of a conceptually compatible display with items grouped according to function?

Answer 4

Functional grouping may not reveal cause-effect relationships and may not support sequential tasks of different kinds

Question 5

What is the definition of conceptual and location compatibility according to McCormick and Sanders?

Answer 5

Degree to which codes and symbols correspond to the conceptual associations people have (e.g. signs and warnings)

Question 6

In a hospital bed-side drawer study, a divider was placed to improve conceptual and location compatibility. How did this influence restocking time?

Answer 6

With the divider = faster restocking time compared to without the divider

Question 7

Describe what happened in the shooting down of Iran Air flight 655 in 1988?

Answer 7

The USS Vincennes (missile cruiser) were engaged in a gun battle with Iranian gun boats

They got contact with IR655 but thought it was descending on them; they received no IFF response so mis-interpreted it as an unfriendly - and shot it down

Question 8

What problems with the Aegis tracking system did Barry and Charles (1992) highlight as a major factor in the Iran Air 655 shoot down?

Answer 8

> control room = “a windowless video arcade”

> difficult for operators to assess changes in altitude/acceleration at a glance

> easy to interpret an incoming target as descending and accelerating rather than ascending at s steady speed

Question 9

What does the TADMUS program stand for?

Answer 9

Tactical decision making under stress

Question 10

(Q. 22) What is a key reason for the success of the TADMUS program?

Answer 10

There was good integration of effort between human-centered researchers and the operational Navy community throughout the program.

Question 11

The ___________ _________ _______ (___) design process was used to develop the TADMUS program

Answer 11

Decision Support System (DSS)

Question 12

What were the four components of the Decision Support System design process?

Answer 12

> Theoretical review
Naturalistic decision making approach
Cognitive Task Analysis and Critical Decision methodology studies of “track” identification
Iterative process of design and testing with end users

Question 13

According to Cohen, Freeman & Thompson (1997), the Decision Support System was designed to provide a __________ organisation of information about a particular target; it also used colour coding for _________ vs. __________ cues. This led to increased accessibility of relevant information and reduced reliance on human ___________ and __________ processing

Answer 13

story-like

supporting vs. conflicting

human memory
cognitive processing

Question 14

(Q 23.) What is the most important factor that prevented the recommendations of TADMUS from being
put fully into effect?

Answer 14

?? The cost of retraining operators to use the new displays and decision support systems
developed.

Question 15

What three things was the Decision Support System (DSS) designed to support?

Answer 15

> Evaluation of display elements to support Feature Matching
Story generation (explanation-based reasoning)
Recognition-Primed Decision making

Question 16

Morrison (1997;2000) evaluated the Decision Support System with 8 USN tactical decision making teams using a within-subjects design; how did the DSS compare?

Answer 16

> Increased hit rate by 44%; reduced false alarm by 21%
Earlier detection
More early defensive action
Less vocal clarification needed

Question 17

What are the reasons for success of the TADMUS program?

Answer 17

1. Large sustained effort with good funding
2. Effective technical advisory board
3. Work communicated broadly
4. Human-centred, not tehcnology
5. Integration of research + operations

Question 18

What two things does the Ecological Interface Design do?

Answer 18

1. Represent underlying constraints of the work domain after an abstraction hierarchy analysis of constraints
2. Support SKILL, RULE, and KNOWLEDGE based behaviour

Question 19

(Q. 24) Analysts and designers determine that a display should be able to support skill-based, rule-based,
and knowledge-based behaviour by the user. This is a description of which visual display design
principle at work?

Answer 19

Ecological interface design.

Question 20

(Q. 44) How is analytic geometry used in ecological interface design?

Answer 20

It provides a graphical way of showing constraints between VARIABLES and showing MEANS-ENDS
relationships

Question 21

What are some advantages of Ecological Interface Design?

Answer 21

> Faster diagnosis of unanticipated events
Better understanding process dynamics
Fewer control actions
Less variable re-capture of system after disturbance
Greater flexibility
More accurate diagnoses the more p’s reason in abstraction-decomposition space

Question 22

What four display design principles does the RAPTOR use?

Answer 22

1. Ecological Interface Design
2. Direct Perception (directly SEE without thinking)
3. Direct Manipulation (interact ON naturally)
4. Visual Momentum (perceptually linked sequences)

Question 23

What does RAPTOR stand for?

Answer 23

Representation Aiding Portrayal of Tactical Operations Resoruces

Question 24

(Q. 17) “A measure of the user’s ability to extract and integrate information across displays.” This is a
description of which of the following?

Answer 24

Direct Perception (SEE state of system without cognitive processing)

Question 25

The RAPTOR captures levels of ______ and levels of _______.

Answer 25

abstraction

aggregation

Question 26

An experiment compared the RAPTOR design to the Graphical User Interface (GGIU) on scores of tactical rating of awareness for combat environments, and subjective mental workload. Which performed better?

Answer 26

RAPTOR = better

> Tactical rating of awareness for combat environments = more accurate and faster
Mental workload = lower