lecture 6 toddlers (quiz 4) Flashcards
what is the time period of toddlerhood?
1-3 years
what is phonetic inventory?
a list of all the sounds that the child can say regarless of whether the child says a particular word correctly
- early words often contain early-developing sounds
- — /b, p, t, d, m, k, g/ and vowels
- for example: a child says ma-ma-ma while babbling
- that child can say m + a and reduplicated cv + cv with those sounds
- child may be saying the word “mama” (but may not be as well)
what is a phonological process?
a rule governed pattern that toddlers use to simplify speech production
what are the 5 phonological processes?
- final consonant deletion
- cluster reduction
- fronting
- stopping
- assimilation
-should have grown out of these processes by the time they are 3
when should kids have grown out of their phonological processes by?
age 3
what are the criteria for first words?
(and how does this differ from proto words)
- word must be produced with clear purpose/intention
– refer to salient objects/people - the word must approximate the adult pronunciation
– phonetically-consistent forms (PCFs/ protowords) do NOT meet that criteria - the word must be used consistently and extend beyond the original
appear between 11-14 months (usually around 12)
what are overextensions and underextensions
- underextensions: are when children use a word in fewer contexts than they should
- —eg. using dog to refer to only collies
- overextensions: are when children use a word in more contexts than they should
- —using daddy to refer to all men
describe the word spurt
traditional theories of language development have argued that after children acquire 50 words (around 18 months) they begin to acquire words at a much faster rate
- the shift rate has been termed the vocabulary spurt, word spurt or naming explosion
what is mlu
mean length of utterance (of mlu) is a measure of linguistic productivity in children
- it is traditionally calculated by collecting 50-100 utterances spoken by a child and dividing the number of morphemes by the number of utterances
- a higher MLU is taken to indicate a higher level of language proficiency
- total number of morphemes/ total number of utterances
how does play support theory of mind?
- the foundation of pretend (symbolic and representational skills)
- serves as a step to ToM (which develops around 4 years)
- requires awareness of pretend ideas and thought of self and others (sense of self ~17 months)
- involves making inferences in the process of taking on roles that are essential for comprehension
- demands cognitive flexibility
how does play support comprehension development?
- play and reading entail building a mental representation
- readers build a mental model or representation of the situation or world (real or imaginary) described in a text
- —requires updating based on the mental model
importance of play in relation to narrative skills (involves stories)
- stories are natural extensions of children’s earlier experiences of emotional sharing
- learning to comprehend and tell stories develops theory of mind skills
- competency with stories enables us to understand others and the reasons for their actions
- narrative skills in kindergarten/early elementary predict later academic achievement
what are the benefits that children gain from play?
- thinking
- problem-solving
- decontextualization
- theory of mind
- flexible thinking
- comprehension
- building mental representation
- narrative skills
what are the three different forms of play?
- solitary play
- parallel play
- group play
solitary play
- infant/young toddlers (up to around 18 months)
- playing on own
- exporing all aspects of environment
- taking information in through the senses (looking, grabbing, chewing, etc)
