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Gross Anatomy > Lecture 6: The Role of the Nervous System in Movement > Flashcards

Lecture 6: The Role of the Nervous System in Movement Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

signals from nerve cells which have both electrical and chemical components … the electrical currents are generated by the flow and differences in chemical ion concentrations … have three parts: the receiving end (have dendrites that bring messages into the cell), the cell body (contains nucleus of the neuron), the axon … mostly found in the CNS, but a few isolated regions, called ganlia, are found in the PNS

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2
Q

ions

A

charged compounds within body fluids and body cells

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3
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released by axons which can convey the message between one nerve cell and another or between a neuron and a muscle and can either stimulate or inhibit the next cell(s) in the line (here, that causes skeletal muscle to contract or relax)

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4
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

consists of two organs: the brain (a mass of neural tissue housed inside the cranial cavity of the skull) and the spinal cord (connected to the brain and housed within the vertebral column) … one of the two main components of the anatomical nervous system

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5
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

made up of all other nerve tissue that extend off the brain or spinal cord … can be summarized as the nerves and structures called ganglia… one of the two main components of the anatomical nervous system

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6
Q

vertebral column

A

the bones and structures that make up the spine

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7
Q

cranial nerves

A

attached to the brain … bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue and traveling together outside the CNS, and, therefore, a component of the PNS … usually relate to sensory input from the head, including special senses … 12 pairs come directly off the brain and exit the cranial cavity through foramina … nine of the 12 pairs of govern some of our voluntary skeletal muscles (all of which are wholly or partly in the head or neck) … there are three main types: those that are 1) entirely sensory in their function (i.e., those that relay the special senses of sight and hearing), 2) entirely motor which only control muscle (i.e., skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or a combination of those), and 3) both sensory and motor and cover a myriad of functions (most in the head and neck)

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8
Q

olfactory nerve (CN I)

A

sensory … smell … one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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9
Q

optic nerve (CN II)

A

sensory … vision … one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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10
Q

oculomotor nerve (CN III)

A

motor … eye movement and pupil reflex … govern some voluntary muscles … one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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11
Q

trochlear nerve (CN IV)

A

motor … eye movement … govern some voluntary muscles … one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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12
Q

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

A

mixed … face sensation and chewing … one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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13
Q

abducens nerve (CN VI)

A

motor … eye movement … govern some voluntary muscles … one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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14
Q

facial nerve (CN VII)

A

mixed … face movement and taste … govern some voluntary muscles … one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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15
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

A

sensory … hearing and balance … one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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16
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

A

mixed … throat sensation, taste and swallowing … govern some voluntary muscles … one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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17
Q

vagus nerve (CN X)

A

mixed … movement, sensation and abdominal organs … one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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18
Q

(spinal) accessory nerve (CN XI)

A

motor … neck movement … govern some voluntary muscles … one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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19
Q

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

A

motor … tongue movement … govern some voluntary muscles … one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

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20
Q

spinal nerves

A

a bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue and traveling together outside the CNS, and, therefore, a component of the PNS … formed when an anterior (ventral) root and a posterior (dorsal) root extend from the spinal cord and combine, just before exiting the vertebral column through intervertebral foramina … just after exiting, it divides into a ventral ramus and a dorsal ramus … all are mixed nerves, relaying both sensory and motor information … 31 pairs which carry sensation from and motor control to the trunk and limbs … named by their respective vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar spinal, sacral, coccygeal) … most carry sensations from the trunk and limbs and motor control to the trunk and limbs

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21
Q

cervical nerves

A

nerves extending from the spinal cord in the neck region … 8 of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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22
Q

thoracic nerves

A

nerves extending from the spinal cord in the area of the rib cage … 12 of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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23
Q

lumbar nerves

A

nerves extending from the spinal cord in the low back region … 5 of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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24
Q

sacral nerves

A

nerves extending from the spinal cord in the sacrum region … 5 of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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25
Q

coccygeal nerves

A

nerves extending from the spinal cord between the sacrum and coccyx … 1 of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

26
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

openings formed between adjacent vertebrae, where they are stacked on each other, where spinal nerves exit

27
Q

ganglion / ganglia

A

a limited area where the nuclei of some nerve cells are found outside the CNS (most neuron cell bodies are within the brain and spinal cord) … a component of the PNS

28
Q

somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

controls voluntary skeletal muscles and conveys most of our conscious sensations to the brain … can mostly be divided into Sensory (Afferent) pathways and Motor pathways (Efferent) – use SAME as a memory tool … one of the two subdivisions of the physiological subdivision

29
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

controls involuntary cardiac and smooth muscle as well as many glands of the body … one of the two subdivisions of the physiological subdivision

30
Q

sensory pathways / afferent pathways

A

bring information into the CNS from the periphery, i.e., from sensory receptors in the skin, joints and muscles, as well as other internal organs … one of the two primary divisions of functionality in the SNS

31
Q

motor pathways / efferent pathways

A

carry commands from either organ of the CNS to nerves of the PNS … will either stimulate the skeletal muscle to contract or inhibit the muscle to relax … one of the two primary divisions of functionality in the SNS

32
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons (use SAME acronym)

33
Q

ascending tracts

A

the part of pathway that afferent neurons use to travel up the spinal cord to the brain regions, where we perceive the sensation

34
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor neurons (use SAME acronym)

35
Q

ascending tracts

A

the part of pathway used to send messages from brain regions down the spinal cord to one of more of the spinal nerves, which are full of axons of efferent neurons that take the message to the muscles

36
Q

general senses

A

senses with relatively simple receptors found all over the body

37
Q

special senses

A

senses with complicated receptors located solely in the head … the include sight, smell, taste, hearing and equilibrium, as well as motor control to the head and neck.

38
Q

foramina

A

various holes in the skull where cranial nerves exit

39
Q

canals

A

a tube-like foramina

40
Q

fissures

A

a slit-like foramina

41
Q

spinal nerve properties

A

each spinal nerve offshoot comes off the spinal cord from a convergence of an anterior (ventral) with a posterior (dorsal) root located just before the resulting spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen… when they converge, they form a spinal nerve … almost immediately, each of the spinal nerves divides into a pair of distributional branches, known as rami (the
singular form is ramus). The larger of the pair is called the ventral ramus, and
the smaller of the pair is known as the dorsal ramus of that given spinal nerve.

42
Q

anterior (ventral) root (of a spinal nerve)

A

entirely motor in function with efferent information, i.e., to smooth muscle or skeletal muscle … one of the two roots coming off of the spinal cord into the PNS

43
Q

posterior (dorsal) root (of the spinal nerve)

A

entirely sensory in function with afferent information, i.e., receptors in the periphery, such as touch receptors in the skin

44
Q

ramus (plural: rami)

A

a pair of distributional branches of the spinal nerve that occurs just after it converges as it exits the intervertebral foramen

45
Q

ventral (anterior) ramus (of the spinal nerve)

A

the larger of a branched pair of rami … they supply everything that isn’t supplied by cranial nerves or dorsal rami … mixed, containing 1) motor axons control the motor functions of all muscles of the trunk and all muscles of the limbs, whether anterior or posterior, other than the true back muscles and 2) sensory axons relay the sensations all skin below the head not relayed by the cranial nerves or dorsal ramus … can be intercostal nerves or nerve plexuses

46
Q

intercostal nerve

A

a ventral rami in the thorax which assume a relatively simple pattern by hugging a rib as it proceeds around the chest wall … supply the muscles that move the rib cage and those of the anterolateral abdominal wall … receive sensations from the dermatomes of the lateral and anterior trunk … also called ventral rami of thoracic nerves … one of two forms for a ventral rami

47
Q

nerve plexuses

A

a ventral ramus which become part of a nerve
plexus (from the Latin for “braid” or “plait”) … braid together and overlap to supply a given body region … originating from either superior to or inferior to the intercostal nerves … there are five spinal plexus (cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, sacral plexus and coccygeal plexus) and five autonomic plexus (celeriac/solar plexus, Auerbach’s plexus, pharyngeal plexus, cardiac plexus and Meissner’s plexus) … one of two forms for a ventral rami

48
Q

cervical plexus

A

the plexus that originates from cervical levels one through four … supplies nerves for the back of the head and the upper cervical muscles … one of the five spinal plexus

49
Q

brachial plexus

A

the plexus that originates from cervical levels five through eight and thoracic level one … serves the chest, shoulder, and arms … the nerves of the median, ulnar and radial nerves originate here … one of the five spinal plexus

50
Q

lumbar plexus

A

the plexus that originates from lumbar levels one through four … serves muscles and skin in the hip and thigh, as well as areas of the pelvic girdle and genital area … the femoral nerve and the obturator nerve originate here … one of the five spinal plexus

51
Q

sacral plexus

A

the plexus that originates from lumbar level four through sacral level four … the sciatic nerve comes from this plexus and serves the muscles and skin of the back of the thighs, lower legs, and feet, as well as other nerves that originate from the sacral plexus run to the gluteal and piriformis muscles … one of the five spinal plexus

52
Q

coccygeal plexus

A

the plexus that serves a small area near the tailbone … one of the five spinal plexus

53
Q

celiac/solar plexus

A

the plexus that sits behind the stomach and serves organs of the abdomen … one of the five autonomic plexuses

54
Q

Auerbach’s plexus

A

the plexus that serves the gut and functions as part of the digestive system … one of the five autonomic plexuses

55
Q

pharyngeal plexus

A

the plexus that originates from cranial nerves 9 through 11 … serves muscles and skin of the front of the neck and aids the swallowing mechanism … one of the five autonomic plexuses

56
Q

cardiac plexus

A

the plexus that provides nerves to the heart muscle … one of the five autonomic plexuses

57
Q

Meissner’s plexus

A

the plexus that serves the intestinal wall and works with Auberbach’s plexus to aid with digestion … one of the five autonomic plexuses

58
Q

dorsal (posterior) ramus (of the spinal nerve)

A

the smaller of a branched pair of rami (think “back”) … mixed, containing 1) motor axons (motor fibers) for true back muscles (those which support and move the spine) start in the spinal cord, travel out an anterior root, become part of a mixed spinal nerve, and then travel through the this ramus and 2) sensory axons that relay sensations from the dermatomes on the back (from the back of the head, down to a taper that ends at the so-called natal cleft)

59
Q

dermatome

A

the spinal nerve is responsible for sensation from a given patch of skin

60
Q

axon (nerve fiber)

A

a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body … transmits information to different neurons, muscles, and glands

61
Q

dermatome map

A

a diagram showing which dermatome correspond with which spinal nerve

62
Q

FACT: brain control is opposite body function

A

the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice versa … the messages cross over in a part of the brain stem

Gross Anatomy (7 decks)

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