Lecture 2: Bones as the Body's Framework of Movment

Question 1

axial bones

Answer 1

80 bones that make up the main longitudinal axis of the skeleton, including skull bones, tiny ossicles in the ears, the hyoid bone in the neck, the vertebral column (individual vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx), ribs and sternum (think axis)

Question 2

appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

126 bones, including the limb bones, the clavicles, the scapulae, and the pelvic bones (think appendixes)

Question 3

foramen

Answer 3

a hole through which nerves and blood vessels pass

Question 4

tubercle

Answer 4

a small rounded point of a bone … also a nodule attached to bone, mucous membrane (moist layer lining parts of the body) or skin

Question 5

condyle

Answer 5

the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often part of a joint – an articulation with another bone

Question 6

bone projections

Answer 6

muscle attachment sites and joint surfaces

Question 7

bone depressions

Answer 7

muscle attachment sites and joint surfaces

Question 8

bone openings

Answer 8

transmit arteries, nerves, and veins

Question 9

epicondyle

Answer 9

a prominence that sits atop of a condyle and attaches muscle and connective tissue to bone

Question 10

five main functions of the skeletal – or musculoskeletal – system

Answer 10

gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals

Question 11

red marrow

Answer 11

found in flat bones and in the ends of long bones … a source for the production of new blood cells that move out of the bones and enter circulation

Question 12

yellow marrow

Answer 12

found in long bones … the fatty marrow within the hollow shafts of bones that serves as an energy reserve (since fats have more than twice the caloric value of proteins or carbohydrates)

Question 13

spongy bone

Answer 13

also called cancellous or trabecular bone … found in the long bones and surrounded by compact bone … lighter and less dense than compact bone with a spongy or porous appearance … consists of a network of bony spicules called trabeculae

Question 14

compact bone

Answer 14

also called cortical bone … surround spongy bone … heavy, tough and compact … found in long bones … provides support and protection … microscopic structural unit is called an osteon, or haversian system

Question 15

blood stem cell

Answer 15

produced by bone marrow … can turn into different types of blood cells

Question 16

red blood cell

Answer 16

carries oxygen

Question 17

white blood cell

Answer 17

fights infection

Question 18

platelets

Answer 18

help stop bleeding

Question 19

osteoblasts

Answer 19

a type of bone cell … form new bones and add growth to existing bone tissue

Question 20

osteoclasts

Answer 20

a type of bone cell … dissolve old and damaged bone tissue so it can be replaced

Question 21

bone construction

Answer 21

widely scattered living cells surrounded by and embedded within a connective tissue matrix … a variety of calcium phosphate salts, collectively called hydroxyapatite, crystallize around strands of the protein collagen … flexible and resilient

Question 22

diaphysis

Answer 22

the shaft of a long bone

Question 23

epiphyses

Answer 23

the ends of a long bones

Question 24

long bone

Answer 24

one of the four types of bones … has a long, thin shape

Question 25

short bone

Answer 25

one of the four types of bones … has a squat, cubed shape

Question 26

flat bone

Answer 26

one of the four types of bones … has a flattened, broad surface

Question 27

irregular bone

Answer 27

one of the four types of bones … has a shape that does not conform to long, short or flat bones