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BIOL 112 > Lecture 6: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 6: The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiration

A

-exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between the atmosphere, blood, and cells
-closely couples with CVS, which transports gases
-breakdown of CHO in the presence of O2 by the body-> cellular respiration
-O2 from lungs transported to tissues to break CHO to yield energy

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2
Q

what is the formula for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

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3
Q

what are the 4 processes of respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
  2. External respiration
  3. Transport of respiratory gases
  4. Internal respiration
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4
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

also known as breathing
-ventilation consists of inspiration and expiration
-inspiration: mves are into the lungs from the atmosphere
-expiration: moves air out of the lungs into the atmosphere

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5
Q

what are the structural components (2) of the respiration system

A
  1. upper respiratory system
  2. lower repiratory system
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6
Q

what are the functional components (2) of the respiration system

A

components of the respiratory system are divided into two zones:
1. conducting zone: nasal cavity to larger bronchioles
2. respiratory zone: smallest bronchiols and alveoli

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7
Q

what are the structural components of the upper respiratory system

A

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx

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8
Q

what are the structural components of the lower respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli

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9
Q

significance of nose and functions in respiratory system

A

the onlny external portion of the respiratory system
-functions:
-provides an airway for respiration
-moistens and waarms entering air
-filters nad cleans inspired auir
-serves as resonating chamber for speech
-houses olfactory receptors
-is didvided into two regions: external nose and nasal cavity

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10
Q

what is the external nose

A

formed by:
- nasal & frontal bones superiorly- form bridge & root, respectively
-maxillary bones laterally
-plates of hyaline cartilage inferiorly
-areas include: root (area between eyebrows); bridge, dorsum nasi (anterior margin -> ;ength of nose), and apex (tip of nose)
-nostrils (nares): bounded laterally by alae

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11
Q

areas of external nose

A

-areas include: root (area between eyebrows); bridge, dorsum nasi (anterior margin -> ;ength of nose), and apex (tip of nose)
-nostrils (nares): bounded laterally by alae

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12
Q

what is the nasal cavity

A

-within and posterior to external nose
-divided by midline nasal septum, formed: anertiorly by the septal cartilage and posteriorly by the vomer bone and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

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13
Q

what is the posterior nasal apertures (choncae) (nasal cavity)

A

opening where nasal cavity turns into nasopharynx
-roof: formed by ethmoid and sphenoid bones
-floor: formed by hard palate (bone) and soft palate (muscle)

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14
Q

what is the nasal vestibule (nasal cavity)

A

nasal cavity superior to nostrils
-lined with vibrissae (hairs) that filter coarse particles from inspired air
-rest of nasal cavity lined with mucous membranes

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15
Q

what is the olfactory mucosa

A

lines superior region of nasal cavity and contains olfactory epithelium

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16
Q

what is the respiratory mucosa

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, contains goblet cells and rests on lamina propria that contains many seromucous nasal glands

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17
Q

what is the nasal conchae

A

-medial projections from each lateral wall of nasal cavity]-3 sections: superior, middle, and inferior conchae
-groove inferior to each conchae -> nasal meatus
-shape of conchae help to: increase mucosal area; enhance air turbulence

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18
Q

what are the functions of conchae

A

during inhilation, conchae and nasal mucosa: filter, heat, and moisten are
during exhalatin these structures: reclaim heat and moisture

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19
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses

A

-form the right around nasal cavities
-located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

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20
Q

what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

lighten skull, secrete mucus, help to warm and moisten air

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21
Q

what is the pharynx

A

-funnel-shpaed muscular tube that runs from base of skill to vertebra C6
-connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
-composed of skeletal musclew

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22
Q

what are the three regoins of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx: air passageway; pseudostratified columnar epithelium, uvula, soft palate
  2. oropharynx: soft palate to epiglottis; air & food; statified squamous epithelium
  3. laryngopharynx: posterior to epiglottis; air & food; startified squamous epithelium
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23
Q

what is in the lower repiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
-broken into two zones: respiratory and conducting

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24
Q

what is the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory system

A

-site of gas exchange
-consists of microscopic structures such as repsiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, amd alveoli

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25
Q

what is the conducting zone of the lower respiratory system

A

-conduits that transport gas to and from gas exchange sites
-includea all other respiratory structures
-cleanses, warms, and humidifies air

26
Q

what are the functions of the larynx

A
  1. provides patent airway
  2. routes air and food into proper channels
  3. voice production-> houses vocal folds
27
Q

what are the caartillage of the larynx

A

framework consists of nin hyline cartilages (except for epiglottis), connected by membranes and ligaments
1. thyroid cartilage: large cartilage that resembles an upright open bood; “spine” of book-> laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)
2.cricoid cartilage: righ-shaped
3. paired arytenoid cartilages
4. paired cuniform cartilages
5. paired corniculate
6. epiglottis

28
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage
-covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing
-covered in taste buds containing mucosa

29
Q

what are the vocal folds

A

-vocal ligaments: form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
-ligaments lie underneath laryngeal mucosa and connects arytenoid and thyroid cartilages
-contain elastic fibers, appear whitish becasue of lack of blood vessels

30
Q

what is the glottis

A

opening between vocal folds
-folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs

31
Q

what are the vestibular folds

A

also known as false vocal cords
-superior to vocal folds
-help to close glottis during swallowing
-no part in sound production

32
Q

what are the epithelium of the larynx

A

-superior portion: stratified squamous epithelium
-inferior to vocal fold: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

33
Q

explain voice production

A

speech: intermittent release of expired air during opening and closing of glottis
-pitch: determined by length and tension of vocal cords
-loudness:depnds upon force of air
-chambers of pharynx and oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhance sound quality
-sounds is “shaped” into language by muscles of pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

34
Q

what are the sphincter functions of the larynx

A

vocal folds may act as sphincters to prevent air passage
-valsalva’s manuever: glottis closes to prevent exhalation, abdominal muscles contrct, intra-abdominal pressure rises, helps to empty rectum or stabilizes truck during heavy lifting

35
Q

explain valsalva’s manuever

A

glottis closes to prevent exhalation, abdominal muscles contrct, intra-abdominal pressure rises, helps to empty rectum or stabilizes truck during heavy lifting

36
Q

what is the trachea

A

also known as the windpipe
- extends from larynx into mediatsinum, and divides into two main branches

37
Q

what are the walls of the trachea

A
  1. mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
  2. submucosa: CT with seromucous grlands supported by 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings that prevent collapse of trachea
  3. adventitia: outermost layer made of CT
38
Q

what is the trachealis

A

-consists of smooth muscle fibers; connects posterior parts of cartilage rings
-contracts during coughing to expel mucus

39
Q

what is the carina

A

-last tracheal cartilage that is expanded and found at point where trachea branches into two main bronchi
-highly sensitive mucosa
-violent coughing will be tirggered if any foreign object makes contact with it

40
Q

what are the bronchi

A

air passages undergo 23 orders of branching-> bronchial tree
-from tips of bronchial tree: conducting zone structures give rise to respiratory zone structures

41
Q

what are the conducting zone strutures in the bronchi

A

-trachea divides to form right and left main (primary) bronchi, the right main bronchus is wider/ shorter/ more vertical than left
-each main bronchus enters hilum of one lung
-main bronchus then branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi-> 3 on right & 2 on left
-each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe
-each lobar bronchus-> segmental (tertiary) bronchi-> divide repeatedly
-branches become smaller and smaller

42
Q

what are the bronchioles

A

small bronchi
-less than 1 mm in diameter

43
Q

what are the terminal bronchioles

A

smallest of all branches <0.5 mm in diameter

44
Q

what are the changes in conducting zone of the bronchi

A

bronchi to bronchioles
-changes in support structure: cartilage rings become irregular plates, in bronchioles the elastic fibers completely replace cartilage
-epithelium type changes: pseudostratified columnar gives way to cuboidal, cilia and goblet cells become more sparse
-amount of smooth muscle increases: allows bronchioles to provide substantial resistance to air passage

45
Q

what are the respiratory zone structures of the bronchi

A

-begins where terminal bronchioles feed into repiratory bronchioles-> alveolar ducts-> alveolar sacs (saccules)
-alveolar sacs contain clusters of alveoli, ~300 milliom alveoli make up most of lung volume, sites of actual gas exchange

46
Q

explain the alveoli

A

-blood-air barrier that consts of alveolar and capillary walls along witht heir fused basement membranes, very thin (~0.5 um); allows gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion

47
Q

what do the alveolar walls consist of

A

-single layer of squamous epithelium (type I alveolar cells)
-scattered cuboidal type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

48
Q

what are some significant features of the alveoli

A
  1. surrounded by fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries
  2. alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli, equalize air pressure throughout the lung, provide alternate routes in case of blockages
    3.alveolar macrophages keep alveolar surfaces sterile, 2 million dead macrophages per hour carried by cilia to throat and swallowed
49
Q

what do the lungs occupy (regions)

A

lungs occupy all of the thoracuc cavity except for mediastinum

50
Q

what is the roof of the lungs

A

site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum

51
Q

what is the costal surface of the lungs

A

the anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces

52
Q

what is the apex of the lungs

A

superior tip, deep to claviclew

53
Q

what is the base of the lungs

A

inferior surface that rests on diaphragm

54
Q

what is the hilum of the lungs

A

on mediastinal surface, sire for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

55
Q

what is each lobe of the lung firther divided into

A

bronchopulmonary segments

56
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments are there in the lungs

A

-10 on right, 8-10 on left that are all seperated bu conective tissue septa
-each segment is served by its own artery, vein, and bronchus
-if one segment is diseased, it can be individually removed

57
Q

what are the lobules of the lungs

A

smallest subdivisions visible to maked eye; hexogonal segments served by bronchioles and their branches
-lungs are mostly composed of alveolu; the rest consists of stroma, elastic connective tissue-> makes lungs very elastic and spongy

58
Q

what are the two blood supplies of the lungs

A

lungs are perfused by two tunctionally different circulations:
1. pulmonary circulation
2. broncial circulation

59
Q

explain pulmonary circulation of the lungs

A

-pulmonary arteries: systemic venous blood from heart to lungs for oxygenations, bronach profusely to feed into pulmonary capillary networks
-pulmonary veins: oxygenated blood from respiratory zones back to heart, low pressure/ high-volume system, lung capillary endothelium contains many enzymes that act on different substances in blood (ex. angiostensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activates blood pressure hormone)

60
Q

explain bronchial circulation of the lungs

A

-bronchial arteries: provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue, arise from aorta and enter lungs at hilum, part of the systemic circulation so high pressure and low volume, supply all lung tissue except alveoli
-broncial veins: anastomoses (interconnections) with pulmonary veins, pulmonary veins carry most venous blood back to heart

BIOL 112 (21 decks)

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