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PSY390 > Lecture 6: Personality and Mental Health > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Personality and Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

personality

A

enduring pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving

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2
Q

models of personality

A
  • five factor model (OCEAN)

- HEXACO (has 6 traits but theyre pretty similar to FFM)

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3
Q

FFM

A 
O - openness to experience
C - conscientiousness
E - extraversion 
A - agreeableness
N - neuroticism
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4
Q

Which traits are positively assoc with leadership roles

A

O, C, E

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5
Q

Why is there unlikely to be aggressive selection for extreme values of any trait

A

trade offs exist for all extreme phenotypes

ex. extreme extraversion = mating success, exploration of env but also physical risks and family stability probz

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6
Q

Which traits are positively associated with reproductive fitness?

A

E + assoc in men, N and A + assoc in men and women.

- OPENESS is negatively associated

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7
Q

Heritability of FFM traits

A

around 0.42 to 0.57 (same thing for HEXACO traits)

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8
Q

Most GWAS hits for which FFM traits

A

N, E, O (most interesting and most related to neuro disorders)
- serotonin receptor and dopamine receptor subtype often studied

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9
Q

5-HTT gene

A

codes for serotonin transporter

- short allele associated with low expression and thus low uptake. (not super legit tho)

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10
Q

DRD4 variations

A

sequence length polymorphism (VNTR) with 2 to 8 repeats

  • 2-5 repeats is the short allele
  • 6-8 repeats is long allele (associated with reduced DA sensitivity)
  • variants associated with novelty seeking, travel, immigration, social behaviour, and disorders
  • associated with increased sexual drive, as well as infidelity, sexual promiscuity, and interest in a variety of sexual behaviours
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11
Q

Review: GCTA

A

genome wide complex trait analysis

  • compares the chance similarity in all common SNPs between biologically unrelated individuals
  • if a trait is driven by SNPs, individuals sharing those SNPs should be more similar in terms of traits
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12
Q

SNPs can, at best, explain

A

10-20% of variation in traits

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13
Q

Missing heritability

A

for any trait, part of the total variability is explained by genetics (genetic variation, Vg = ~ 50%) and only a small portion of that is explained by SNPs (like 10%). The missing heritability is the variation due to genetics that is not accounted for by SNPs

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14
Q

Genetic influences are greatest when relationship with parents is

A

positive.

- lower levels of conflict

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15
Q

Heritability of religiosity and conservatism

A
  • relig h2 = 0.3 - 0.45
  • conservatism h2 = 0.5 - 0.65

both increase with age (can’t inherit specific religion tho)

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16
Q

Genetics and ideology

A

Correlation between DZ twins decreases after leaving home but not with MZ twins

17
Q

Monogamous mating strategy

A

One partner. Reasons could include:

  • genetics
  • dopamine, oxytocin, vasopressin systems
  • sociological forces (which may in turn be a selection pressure)
  • in primitive cultures, monogamy may have guaranteed the parentage of the child
18
Q

AVP1aR gene variants

A

linked to extra-pair mating in women and marital status in men (more 334 alleles)

also associated with altruism?? more altruism in adults, less in children (hard to reconcile these studies)

19
Q

altruism

A

voluntary behaviour for the benefit of another individual with a clear benefit
- is a form of prosocial behaviour studied in the lab

HERITABLE 0.3 to 0.5

20
Q

Oxytocin variations

A

linked to various social behaviours in adults and children
- modifications in gene structure (epigenetic effect) can occur with aversive experiences, altering brain function and social behaviour in the long term

21
Q

h2 of mental health disorders

A

BP > SZ > familial AD > Panic disorder > MDD > GAD

22
Q

anxiety in those of low motivation correlates with… but in those of high motivation, moderate anxiety can

A

….reduced performance
…improve performance

Same deal with working memory (low WM and anxiety = worse, high WM and anxiety = better)

23
Q

Genes for depression

A
  • enriched in hypothalamus (stress axis) and PFC (emotion regulation)
  • experience-dependent modifications of certain genes (epigenetic) following early life adversity may increase depression risk
24
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

using genetics to predict how a person will respond to a certain drug (best fit)

25
Q

Anorexia

A

affects 1% of population, but 90% of cases are female

  • h2 of eating disorders is 0.3 - 0.7??
  • STRONG ROLE OF ENV
  • genetic basis: thought that gene environment interaction occurs at same time as external pressures emerge
26
Q

Addiction/ substance abuse

A

Popular definition: complex brain disease in which there is compulsive engagement in a behaviour despite knowledge of harmful consequences

  • h2 hovers around 0.5 give or take
27
Q

Risk factors for addiction

A
  • stability of home env
  • gender (higher rates in males for certain addictions)
  • mental health status
  • early use and peer groups
  • genetics
28
Q

Mesocortical and mesolimbic pathway

dopamine variants

A

reward is correlated with release of DA in the NAcc. Dysfunction in this pathway may contribute to control disorders
- genes associated with the receptor and the hydroxylase are associated with increased risk for addictive disorders

29
Q

Alcohol metabolism in addiction

A

gene variants for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) are associated with poor alcohol tolerance and reduced risk of alcoholism (why drink somethng that makes you violently ill)

30
Q

FFM traits and substance abuse correlations

A

N and O assoc with higher use, A and C assoc with lower usage rates

31
Q

FFM traits vs HEXACO

A

same except FFM has neuroticism and HEXACO has honesty-humility and emotionality

32
Q

Genetic correlations between FFM and disorders

A
  • C negatively associated with most disorders except anorexia
  • O positively correlated with most disorders (SZ, BPD, MDD)
  • neuroticism pos assoc with MDD
  • extraversion pos assoc with ADD

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