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PSY390 > Lecture 5: Cognitive Ability > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Cognitive Ability Flashcards

1
Q

Intelligence

A

capacity to acquire and apply knowledge and skills

-conceptual variable that doesn’t rlly exist

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2
Q

r of performance for an individual on different subjects and cognitive tests

A

r >0.3

- could be that the tests are all related in some way or that they all measure the same thing

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3
Q

General intelligence theory (g)

A

suggests that there is a common element that contributes to all cognitive abilities
- math ability, perceptual ability, spatial ability, language ability, verbal comp, recall speed

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4
Q

Are all cognitive abilities entirely driven by g?

A

No, g is not all that matters and correlation between any on cognitive ability is never perfect. A proportion of the variability in each ability must be explained by something else

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5
Q

what do g and s mean in general intelligence theory

A

g is the cognitive engine that is shared by all abilities
s is the specific factor that is unique to a specific ability

AKA general and specific forces

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6
Q

IQ test

A

most popular way to estimate g

- give individ many cognitive tasks (more than 10) and observe

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7
Q

WAIS tests

A

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale

  • best reliability and validity
  • includes: verbal comp index, working memory index, perceptual organization index, processing speed index
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8
Q

Example of some cognitive tests

A
  • picture completion
  • block design
  • raven’s progressive matrices
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9
Q

Correlates of IQ

A
  • pos correlated with longevity and height/weight
  • negatively correlated with criminal behav and divorce rate
  • pos correlated with income but not a good predictor of wealth
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10
Q

Rmz and Rdz and h2 for IQ

A 
MZ = 0.86 and DZ = 0.56 
h2 = 0.4 - 0.8
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11
Q

Why does heritability of IQ increase with age?

A
  • genes may affect our attraction to environments and our ability to benefit from them
  • genes for IQ may take effect later on in life (innovation)
  • and/or become increasingly important over time (amplification)
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12
Q

Contribution of genetics to g

A

Genetic drive for g accounts for 58% of the total genetic variance
- majority of genetic variance for a cognitive ability is related to g

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13
Q

Assortative mating

A

people mate in a way that is related to their phenotype

  • positive AM: trait similarity between partners
  • negative AM: trait differences (red hair)
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14
Q

Large GWAs for intelligence

A

269k individ of european ancestry

  • 1016 genes and 205 genomic loci associated with intelligence
  • vast majority of genes strongly expressed in brain being partic enriched in spiny neurons and hippocampal cells
  • GWAS hits used to create a polygenic score that predicted only 4% of intelligence
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15
Q

Max amount of variability in intelligence that can be explained

A

4-10% using PS and GPS

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16
Q

What are genes for intelligence doing?

A
  • brain volume, development, cortical thickness, myelination, surface area?
17
Q

Cortical structure is highly correlated in

A

monozygotic twins partic in frontal lobe, sensorimotor strip and wernickes

18
Q

Transgenic mice overexpressing NMDARs have

A

better spatial memory than controls

19
Q

Issues with trying to find genes associated with intelligence

A
  • need larger dataset
  • many datasets dont use an intelligence test and if they do it isnt standardized
  • educational attainment can be used as a proxy bc it is also heritable
20
Q

polygenic scores for Educational attainment predict… better than they predict…

A
  • intelligence
  • EA
    need intelligence for EA but dont always seek EA if you’re intelligent
21
Q

Flynn effect

A

suggests environment matters for IQ

  • overall increase in IQ throughout the 1950s on to 2000s even tho the genes arent changing duh
  • improved food, improved IT acesss, familiarity with testing, changes in home envs
22
Q

Genes and social economic status

A

positive correlation between SES and IQ, though direction is not obvious
- PS for educational attainment also predict social mobility

23
Q

Scarcity mentality

A

decline in IQ when times are rough

  • scarcity (lack of resources) and being worried about scarcity may impair cognition
  • poor cognition can in turn lead to further financial difficulties and stress (positive feedback)
24
Q

Genetic basis of cognitive disorders: PKU

A

No phenylalanine hydroxylase

- decreased NT levels (need dietary tyrosine)

25
Q

Genetic basis of cognitive disorders: down’s syndrome

A

mild to moderate mental retardation

  • NDJ
  • risk increases with age of mother
26
Q

Genetic basis of cognitive disorders: fragile X syndrome

A

second most prevalent cause of mental retardation

  • problems with FMR1 gene in x chromosome
  • gene encodes for fragile x mental retardation protein (FMRP) important for normal development
  • triplet (CGC) repeat expansion in FMR1 gene (normal is 30 repeats and affected is 200 repeats)
  • mutations can occur in unaffected individuals in their lifetime which could be passed onto next gen (would not cause in the given person themselves)
27
Q

Is fragile x more common in males or females

A

hemizygous effect
- twice as common in males because of x inactivation in females, so only 50% of females carrying the affected gene have FXS

28
Q

Genetic basis of cognitive disorders: Rett syndrome

A

Mutation in Xq28 on x chromosome

  • codes for methyl CpG binding protein 2 which is a very very important regulatory protein for mature nerve cells
  • part of silencing complex
  • only seen in females, need at least one copy of this gene (lethal in males)
29
Q

Genetic basis of cognitive disorders: AD

A

AD occurs in two forms:

  • early familial onset (30-65, pretty rare)
  • late onset AD (over 65)

genetics more important in early onset

  • apolipoprotein E gene is only gene reliably associated with the disorder
  • identified genetic factors only explain a small proportion of cases of the disease.

PSY390 (10 decks)

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