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HISTO - Exam 1 > Lecture 6 - Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three basic components of a neuron?

A

Cell body, axon, dendrites

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2
Q

Type of neuron where a single process extends from the cell body and then divides into two branches.

A

Pseudounipolar

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3
Q

Type of neuron with irregularly shaped body & more than two cell process: an axon and multiple dendrites

A

Multipolar

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4
Q

What is a Nissl body/substance?

A

it is the highly developed and easily visible rER of neurons.

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5
Q

Where is the initial segment and what is the significance of the initial segment of an axon?

A

The initial segment of the axon follows the axon hillock and exists as a slight narrowing in the axon. It has the lowest threshold of excitability.

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6
Q

What allows orthograde transport down axons?

A

Kinesis: (+) end directed motor protein

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7
Q

Where is the axon hillock located and what does it look like?

A

It appears at the initial segment of the axon (as it leaves the cell body) and it images as clear area.

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8
Q

What allows retrograde transport up axons?

A

Dynein: (-) end directed motor protein

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9
Q

What is the function of dendritic spines?

A

Structures specialized for synaptic contact

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10
Q

What cytoskeletal elements exist in dendritic spines?

A

Actin, some microtubules, very few neurofilaments (which are 10nm intermediate filaments within neurons)

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11
Q

Name for synapse between:

1) axon and dendrites
2) axon and cell body
3) axon and axon
4) axon and dendritic spine
5) dendrite and dendrite

A

1) axodendritic
2) axosomatic
3) axoaxonic
4) axospinous
5) dendrodendritic

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12
Q

What induces fusion of synaptic vesicles with axon terminal membrane?

A

Depolarization (Ca2+ channels allow influx of Ca2+)

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13
Q

How wide is the synaptic cleft?

A

20nm

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14
Q

What structures characterize the presynaptic process?

A

40-60nm synaptic vesicles & mitochondria

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15
Q

List the types of neuroglia present in the CNS. (4 types)

A

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells

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16
Q

What produce myelin sheaths in the CNS? PNS?

A

CNS: Oligodendroctyes
PNS: Schwann cells

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17
Q

Where are astrocytes located relative to mater layers of CNS?

A

under pia mater

18
Q

What type of astrocytes have granular cytoplasm with short think branches?

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes (CNS gray matter)

19
Q

What type of astrocytes have long slender, infrequently branches processes?

A

Fibrous astrocytes (CNS white matter)

20
Q

What is the primary role of astrocytes?

A

Assist in maintenance of electrolyte balance in CNS & nutrient transport to neurons

21
Q

What is unique about the nucleus of microglia?

A

It is condensed and elongated.

22
Q

Phagocytic cells in CNS that are derived from monocytes.

A

Microglia

23
Q

Where are ependymal cells located?

A

Line neural tubes and ventricles of brain.

24
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Ependymal cells & associated capillary loops that are modified to produce CSF.

25
Q

From what type of cell do Schwann cells originate?

A

Neural crest cells

26
Q

What are the three types of nerve fibers? Include speed of signal transduction with each.

A

Type A: large, myelinated, long internodes (space between nodes of Ranvier), high velocity 15-100 m/s
Type B: Smaller diameter, shorter internodes, medium conduction velocity 3-14 m/s
Type C: Thin, non-myelinated, slow velocity 0.5-2 m/s

27
Q

What is the name for the connective tissue layer surrounding an entire nerve?

A

Epineurium

28
Q

What is the name of the sheath surrounding a single neuron (Schwann cell sheath)?

A

Neurolemma

29
Q

What is the name for the connective tissue layer that surrounds a nerve fiber bundle.

A

Perineurium

30
Q

What is the name for a group of Schwann cell sheathed axons within the perineurium?

A

Endoneurium

31
Q

Define ganglion.

A

Aggregation of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS

32
Q

What class of neurons typically makes up a DRG?

A

Pseudounipolar

33
Q

What class of neurons typically makes up a sympathetic root ganglion?

A

Multipolar

34
Q

What is the size/function of neurons make up the anterior horn?

A

Large motor neurons that terminate at muscle in motor end plates

35
Q

What is the size/function of neurons make up the posterior horn?

A

Small nerve cells which receive afferent impulses from sensory nerve cells

36
Q

What is the size/function of neurons make up the lateral horns?

A

Intermediate size nerve cells which send axons to autonomic ganglia

37
Q

What is the function of Pacini’s corpuscles and where are they located? Also, what do they look like? (i.e. What is their general shape?)

A

Sense vibration, pressure, and tension. Located in subcutaneous tissue of finger pads, peritoneum, tendons and ligaments, around viscera. They are round. Look like an onion.

38
Q

What is the function of Meissner’s corpuscles and where are they located?

A

Touch receptors (mechanoreceptors) that are numerous in dermal papillae of finger pads. Also found in lips, genital skin, edge of eyelids. These are involved in two point discrimination.

39
Q

What makes up the blood-brain barrier?

A

Cells processes of astrocytes

40
Q

Drugs with what property can cross the blood-brain barrier?

A

Lipid soluble (lipophilic)

41
Q

What is the size cutoff for substances entering the blood-brain barrier?

A

> 500 daltons restricted

HISTO - Exam 1 (7 decks)

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