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PSY345 > Lecture 6 Introduction to Stroke > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Introduction to Stroke Flashcards

1
Q

Why study stroke?

A

It is the 3rd leading cause of death
To increase understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke
To understand the impact of a stroke
To develop effective prevention and intervention

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2
Q

What is the brainstem involved in?

A

Heart function
Breathing
Consciousness

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3
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in?

A

Control and coordinate balance

Fine muscle movements

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4
Q

What is the cerebrum involved in?

A

right and left hemisphere

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5
Q

What occurs in the frontal lobe?

A

motor cortex, judgement, inhibition, personality, emotions and language production

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6
Q

What occurs in the parietal lobe?

A

sensory processing and orientation

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7
Q

What occurs in the occipital lobe?

A

primary function is vision

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8
Q

What occurs in the temporal lobe?

A

auditory perception and memory

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9
Q

Why does the brain need a constant supply of blood?

A

To function properly, oxygen and glucose travel to the brain via blood and the brain requires 20% of our body’s oxygen

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10
Q

What happens when the blood supply is split?

A

The blood supply is split into anterior and posterior blood vessels which come together to form the circle of willis

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11
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

Where the anterior and posterior blood vessels come together, it has important vessels that feed deep into the brain: the middle cerebral artery
The middle cerebral artery is one of the most common arteries to get blocked in an ischaemic stroke

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12
Q

What is a stroke?

A

An interruption to the blood supply in the brain, can cause significant cell death and affect different areas of the brain

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13
Q

What comes under the classification of ischaemic stroke?

A

Ischaemic strokes make up 80% of strokes

Cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism and systematic hyper-perfusion are all types of ischaemic stroke

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14
Q

What comes under the classification of haemorrhagic stroke?

A

Intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, epidural haemorrhage

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15
Q

What is an ischaemic stroke?

A

A blockage to the brain

Currently no cure for ischaemic strokes

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16
Q

What is a haemorrhage?

A

A uncontrolled bleed into the brain, less common but really severe, causes pressure and swelling

17
Q

What is a Temporary Ischaemic Attack (TIA)?

A

Also known as a mini stroke, a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain but it resolves itself

18
Q

What is cerebral thrombosis?

A

The blood clot forms within the brain itself and causes a blockage, the affected area would be called an infarction (dead cells)

19
Q

What is cerebral embolism?

A

A blood clot which develops in a different part of the body and travels up to the brain causing a blockage. The area where its developed is called the donor site

20
Q

What is systematic hyper-perfusion?

A

A general reduction in blood supply across the whole body due to cardiac output

21
Q

What is an intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

A blood vessel deep within the brain erupting
The bleed tears and disconnects vital nerve centres and pathways
Most often caused by uncontrolled hypertension
Often forms a localised blood collection called a haematoma

22
Q

What is a subarachnoid/epidural/subdural haemorrhage?

A

Where the blood vessels erupt around the skull
Subarachnoid - Usually caused by the rupture of an aneurysm, it spills blood into the spinal fluid and increases the pressure inside the skull
Symptoms are diffuse and not localised to one area
Subdural and epidural - Most often caused by head injuries that tear blood vessels

23
Q

Why might blood vessels erupt?

A

Due to aneurysms (weak arteries which are more likely to burst)

24
Q

Why do TIAs resolve themselves?

A

Because the blood clot dissolves itself and the blood supply is restored, symptoms lasting <24 hours

25
Q

What happens if there is cerebrum damage in the left hemisphere?

A

Weakness/paralysis (in the right hand side of the body)

Cognitive problems

26
Q

What happens if there is cerebrum damage in the right hemisphere?

A

Weakness/paralysis (in the left hand side of the body)

Vision/perception/STM/judgement

27
Q

What happens if there is cerebellum damage?

A

This damage is not common
Orientation problems
Dizziness

28
Q

What happens if there is brainstem damage?

A

This damage is not common and is usually fatal
Breathing problems
Heart beat, swallowing

29
Q

What are the signs of a stroke?

A 
Numbness in face, arm or leg, or weakness
Confusion, speech production problems
Seeing from one or both eyes
Dizziness
Headache
30
Q

What area causes numbness/weakness in face, arm or leg?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex/motor cortex

31
Q

What area causes confusion and speech production problems?

A

Broca’s/Wernicke’s Area - supplied by the middle cerebral artery

32
Q

What area causes problems with vision?

A

Occipital lobe

33
Q

What causes the headache?

A

Bleeding within the brain, swelling and pressure

34
Q

What are factors affecting the severity of the stroke?

A

Time taken to treat
The arteries affected
If on blood thinners and have a haemorrhage, this will increase bleeding

35
Q

What is ‘emia’?

A

A suffix that always refers to blood

36
Q

What do haematomas do in intracerebral haemorrhages?

A

Exert pressure on adjacent brain regions and can injure these tissues as well

37
Q

Where does the blood come from in subdural haemorrhages?

A

Usually from veins within the space between the arachnoid membrane and dura mater.

38
Q

Where does the blood come from in epidural haemorrhages?

A

The tearing of meningeal arteries, and are often accompanied by skull fracture

39
Q

What is the difference in bleeding between epidural and subdural haemorrhages?

A

Bleeding is usually quicker and symptoms develop soon after head injury in epidural haemorrhages, as its from arteries
Bleeding can be slow in subdural haemorrhages

PSY345 (10 decks)

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